A bite guard, also known as an occlusal splint or night guard, is a custom-fitted or prefabricated dental appliance worn over the teeth, typically during sleep. Its primary function is to serve as a protective layer between the upper and lower teeth, preventing them from coming into direct contact. Dentists often recommend this device when signs of excessive force, jaw strain, or pain symptoms related to the jaw or head are observed. The appliance works by cushioning bite forces generated during involuntary movements, which helps preserve the integrity of the dental structures.
Protecting Teeth from Grinding and Clenching
A major function of a bite guard is to shield the teeth from the mechanical damage caused by bruxism, the involuntary grinding or clenching of the jaw. When the jaw exerts powerful forces, the guard acts as a physical barrier, absorbing the impact concentrated on the tooth surfaces. This protection prevents the wear and tear of tooth enamel, which can lead to sensitivity and structural compromise.
The appliance is designed to disperse intense pressure across the entire dental arch, preventing the force from focusing on just a few points. This force distribution helps prevent chipping, fracturing, or cracking of natural teeth. The guard also protects existing dental restorations, such as crowns, bridges, and fillings, from being damaged or loosened by high-pressure contacts.
Relieving Stress on the Jaw Joints and Muscles
Beyond physical protection for the teeth, a bite guard plays a significant role in managing the muscular and skeletal components of the jaw system. By introducing a smooth, even surface between the upper and lower teeth, the appliance guides the jaw into a more neutral and relaxed resting position. This even contact reduces the strain placed on the powerful masseter and temporalis muscles that control jaw movement.
The use of a guard leads to a reduction in excessive jaw muscle activity that occurs during sleep. This relaxation of the chewing muscles can alleviate associated symptoms, such as chronic tension headaches, facial pain, and stiffness in the neck and shoulders. It also reduces strain on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), the hinge connecting the jawbone to the skull. By stabilizing the joint, the guard limits the progression of joint issues and reduces symptoms like clicking or popping noises during jaw movement.
Understanding Different Types of Bite Guards
Bite guards are available in various forms, differing in their fit, material, and source. The most effective and durable type is the custom-made guard, which a dentist prescribes after taking precise impressions of the patient’s teeth. These guards offer the best comfort and retention because they perfectly match the unique contours of the mouth.
Custom guards are typically made from materials suited to the patient’s needs: hard acrylic for severe grinding, soft, flexible silicone for milder clenching, or a dual-laminate material combining a soft interior with a hard exterior for durability. The choice of material is based on the severity of bruxism and the patient’s preference for comfort versus protection.
Less effective options are available but are not as precise or durable as professional versions. Stock guards are pre-formed and ready to wear but often fit poorly and feel bulky. Boil-and-bite guards are made from thermoplastic material that softens in hot water and can be molded by biting down on it.
Proper Use and Care
Consistent use of the bite guard, usually every night, is required to achieve protective and therapeutic benefits. The appliance must be cleaned daily to prevent the buildup of bacteria, plaque, and odor-causing microorganisms. After removal, the guard should be rinsed immediately with cool water to wash away saliva and debris.
For daily cleaning, use a soft-bristled toothbrush and a mild, non-abrasive soap or toothpaste. Avoid using hot water, as high temperatures can cause the material to warp and compromise the fit. When not in use, allow the guard to air dry completely and store it in a clean, ventilated case. Bringing the guard to regular dental checkups allows the dentist to assess its condition and check the fit for continued effectiveness.