The Barn Owl (Tyto alba) is one of the most widely distributed owl species globally. This pale, ghostly bird is famous for its nearly silent flight, a trait that makes it a formidable nocturnal predator. While their appearance suggests quiet stealth, the barn owl’s vocalizations are surprisingly loud and distinct, serving as a crucial part of their communication.
The Defining Screech
The primary vocalization of the adult barn owl is not the deep, rhythmic hoot commonly associated with owls like the Great Horned or Barred Owl. Instead, the barn owl produces a startling, drawn-out screech or shriek. This sound is high-pitched, often described as a harsh, raspy, or gargling cry that can be unsettling to hear in the darkness.
The main call typically lasts between one and two seconds and carries a considerable distance across open fields. It is most frequently performed by the male, particularly when flying over his territory or during courtship displays. This sound has earned the species the occasional nickname of “screech owl,” which is confusing since true screech owls belong to a different genus.
The screech serves as a long-distance advertisement of the male’s presence and territory. Its quality helps the sound travel effectively through the night air. Adults also emit a loud, drawn-out hissing sound, which is a defensive measure directed at perceived threats near the nest or roosting site.
When and Why They Call
Barn owls primarily use their calls for territorial establishment, courtship, and communication with their young. The male’s loud, repeated screeches are a declaration of ownership, helping to define the boundaries of his hunting grounds. These calls are heard most frequently during the spring breeding season when activity is at its peak.
During courtship, males use a softer, wavering “purring call” to invite a female to inspect a potential nest site. Females also use this purring sound when begging for food from the male. These calls range from aggressive territorial defense to intimate pair bonding.
The most continuous vocalizations come from the owlets, which produce a repetitive, high-pitched “snoring” or rasping hiss while begging for food. This sound can last for hours as the young demand their next meal. As the owlets mature, the frequency and duration of these calls gradually diminish.
Sounds Beyond the Voice Box
Beyond the vocalizations produced by the syrinx, barn owls create several distinct mechanical sounds. One of the most common non-vocal signals is bill-snapping or bill-clacking, which is a sharp, rapid noise made by quickly bringing the mandibles together. This sound is a clear warning or threat display given when the owl is agitated or feels its nest is in danger.
When a male performs a display flight, he may also produce a distinct wing-clap sound. This is achieved by briefly bringing the wings together above the back during a flight maneuver. Although specialized feathers make their hunting flight famously silent, the deliberate wing clap creates an audible percussive effect.
The defensive hiss at an intruder, which can last up to four seconds, is sometimes accompanied by bill-clacking for added effect. These physical actions produce a vocabulary of sounds important for communication and self-defense.