Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that are part of the body’s lymphatic system. This system is a network of organs, vessels, and tissues working to move a colorless fluid called lymph throughout the body. Lymph nodes function as filters, trapping foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, and damaged or abnormal cells, including cancer cells, before they can spread further. They are found throughout the body, with noticeable clusters in areas such as the neck, armpits, and groin.
Primary Care and Initial Assessment
When an individual notices swollen lymph nodes, their initial point of contact is typically a primary care physician (general practitioner, family doctor, or internist). These healthcare providers perform an initial physical examination, gently palpating (feeling) the lymph nodes in accessible areas like the neck, under the chin, armpits, and groin.
The physician assesses the nodes’ size, tenderness, mobility, and texture. Tender, movable nodes often suggest infection, while hard, fixed, or rubbery ones may indicate other conditions. The doctor also gathers a comprehensive medical history, asking about recent infections, illnesses, chronic conditions, and symptoms like fever, fatigue, or unexplained weight loss. This evaluation helps determine if the swelling is a common issue or if a specialist referral is needed.
Specialists Who Examine Lymph Nodes
If a primary care doctor’s assessment suggests a need for specialized evaluation, they may refer the patient to one of several medical specialists. The choice depends on the suspected underlying cause of the lymph node swelling. These specialists possess focused expertise to diagnose and manage conditions affecting the lymphatic system.
A hematologist-oncologist specializes in blood disorders and cancers, including those affecting lymph nodes. They diagnose and treat conditions like lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system) and leukemia, which can enlarge lymph nodes. These specialists use blood tests, bone marrow biopsies, and imaging studies to assess the disease.
If swollen lymph nodes are due to complex or unusual infections, an infectious disease specialist is consulted. These experts diagnose and treat infections, such as bacterial, viral, or fungal types, that may not respond to standard treatments. They investigate to identify the specific pathogen and guide appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
An Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) specialist focuses on conditions affecting the head and neck, where many lymph nodes are located. They examine lymph nodes in the neck and jaw, especially when swelling relates to persistent throat infections, tonsillitis, or head and neck cancers. Their diagnostic tools may include endoscopy.
An immunologist is consulted if an underlying immune system disorder is suspected to cause lymph node swelling. These specialists investigate conditions where the immune system is overactive or dysfunctional, leading to chronic lymph node enlargement. They assess immune function and identify specific autoimmune diseases contributing to the issue.
Finally, a surgeon is involved when a definitive tissue diagnosis is required, often via a lymph node biopsy. This procedure involves removing a sample or the entire node for microscopic examination by a pathologist. A biopsy is important for confirming diagnoses like cancer or specific infections that cannot be diagnosed otherwise.
When to Consult a Doctor About Lymph Nodes
Knowing when to seek medical attention for swollen lymph nodes is important for timely diagnosis and management. While many instances are a normal response to common infections and resolve on their own, certain characteristics warrant a doctor’s evaluation. Consult a doctor if swollen lymph nodes persist for more than a few weeks or continue to increase in size.
Concerning signs include nodes that feel hard, rubbery, or are fixed and do not move freely. Swelling without an obvious nearby infection, such as a sore throat or skin wound, also warrants evaluation. If swollen lymph nodes are accompanied by unexplained systemic symptoms like significant weight loss, persistent fever, or drenching night sweats, seek medical attention. These symptoms may indicate more serious underlying conditions, including infections or cancers. Prompt medical evaluation is always best.