Xanthomas are skin lesions characterized by the accumulation of fatty material within the skin. They often appear as yellowish patches or nodules. While generally benign, their presence can indicate underlying changes in the body’s lipid metabolism.
Key Visual Characteristics
Xanthomas exhibit a range of visual attributes. They often present with colors spanning from yellow to orange, sometimes appearing reddish-brown. The texture of these lesions can vary, from soft and velvety to firm and waxy.
Their general shape can be flat, raised, or nodular, appearing as individual bumps or in clusters. Their size is also quite variable, ranging from very small, like a pinhead, to larger lesions exceeding 3 inches in diameter.
Common Types and Their Appearance
Different types of xanthomas are distinguished by their specific visual characteristics and typical locations on the body.
Xanthelasma are soft, yellowish, flat plaques that primarily appear on or around the eyelids, often near the inner corner of the eye. They can affect both upper and lower eyelids. Their color can range from a pale yellow to an orange-tinged hue.
Tuberous xanthomas manifest as firm, painless nodules, often displaying a reddish-yellow color. These growths commonly develop over pressure areas, such as the extensor surfaces of the knees, elbows, and buttocks. They can coalesce, forming larger masses.
Eruptive xanthomas appear suddenly as small, yellowish-red papules, often with a reddish base or rim. These papules, typically 1–4 millimeters in size, tend to erupt in crops and can be found on the buttocks, shoulders, and extensor surfaces of the limbs. While usually painless, they can sometimes be itchy or tender to the touch.
Tendon xanthomas are firm, subcutaneous nodules felt along tendons. They are most commonly located on the Achilles tendon, but also appear on the extensor tendons of the hands and feet. These nodules may be skin-colored or slightly yellowish, and are generally painless.
Planar xanthomas present as flat, yellow or orange patches or plaques. They can occur anywhere on the skin, including skin folds, the neck, and the upper torso. A notable subtype, palmar xanthomas, specifically involves the creases of the palms and wrists, appearing as a yellow-orange accentuation.
When to Consult a Professional
Anyone who suspects they have xanthomas should consult a medical professional for proper diagnosis. While this article describes their visual appearance, only a doctor can confirm the diagnosis. The presence of xanthomas often indicates an underlying condition that may require medical attention.
A medical evaluation is important to investigate potential causes. Seeking professional advice ensures accurate identification and appropriate management of any associated health concerns.