Toenails are hard plates found at the tips of our toes, composed primarily of a tough protein called keratin, which is also present in our hair and skin. These structures, though often overlooked, perform several important functions that contribute to the health and mechanics of our feet. Their roles offer insight into how they support daily activities and protect the delicate structures beneath them.
Shielding Against Harm
Toenails serve as protective shields for the sensitive underlying tissues of the toe, including the nail bed, nerves, and blood vessels. This protective function prevents injuries from various external threats. They guard against trauma from stubbing a toe or dropping objects, absorbing much of the impact and reducing the risk of broken skin or bone.
Beyond sudden impacts, toenails help manage pressure from footwear or walking. They distribute this pressure, acting as a buffer that cushions the toe tip. The nail plate provides strength and durability to withstand these forces.
Toenails also defend against infections. The nail and surrounding skin, including the cuticle, form a barrier that prevents bacteria and fungi from entering the nail bed. Damage to this barrier can increase the risk of conditions like fungal or bacterial infections. Maintaining properly trimmed toenails and good foot hygiene helps sustain this protective function.
Aiding Stability and Locomotion
Toenails contribute to our ability to stand, walk, and maintain balance, providing structural support to the tips of the toes. Without the rigidity of the toenail, the soft tissue at the toe tip would be less firm, affecting how our feet interact with the ground. This stability is important during movements like pushing off the ground while walking or running.
Toenails can offer minor leverage and grip on uneven surfaces. They assist the toes in pushing off or maintaining purchase during various activities. The toes spread widely to distribute body weight, and the toenails support this distribution.
The nail bed, the skin beneath the nail plate, contains a rich network of nerve endings and blood vessels. Although the nail plate itself has no nerve endings, the toenail helps transmit pressure and tactile sensations to these nerve endings, contributing to our awareness of foot position and interaction with the ground. This sensory feedback is important for proprioception, the body’s ability to sense its position and movement, supporting balance and a steady gait. People who have experienced toenail loss sometimes report difficulties with balance and gait.