Termite mounds represent remarkable structures built by tiny insects, serving as sophisticated homes for their vast colonies. These architectural feats are found across various landscapes, from African savannas to Australian outbacks and South American forests. They are not merely piles of dirt but intricately designed habitats that facilitate the survival and thriving of termite communities.
General Appearance
Termite mounds are constructed from a mixture of soil, clay, termite saliva, and feces, which collectively form a durable, cement-like material. The specific color of a mound, ranging through various earth tones like brown, red, or grey, depends on the local soil composition. This material is hard and rough, becoming very strong once dried.
The basic shapes of termite mounds are irregular, conical, or dome-shaped formations rising from the ground. Some can also be pillar-like structures. While many are relatively modest in size, from a few feet high, they can also reach several meters in height and width. The internal structure of these mounds is complex, featuring an extensive system of tunnels and chambers that regulate temperature and humidity for the colony within.
Varied Shapes and Sizes
The appearance of termite mounds varies considerably, influenced by the specific termite species and the geographical region. For instance, Australia is home to towering “cathedral mounds” built by Nasutitermes triodiae termites, which can reach up to 8 meters (26 feet) tall and are sometimes over 100 years old. These structures are found in open landscapes and resemble medieval cathedrals.
Another unique type found in northern Australia is the “magnetic mound” or “compass mound,” constructed by Amitermes meridionalis and Amitermes laurensis species. These wedge-shaped mounds, 3 to 4 meters (9.8 to 13.1 feet) high, are oriented along a north-south axis. This orientation helps regulate the mound’s internal temperature by minimizing exposure to the midday sun. In Africa and parts of Asia, Macrotermes species build massive mounds that can be 8 to 9 meters (26.2 to 29.5 feet) high, sometimes featuring pinnacles and chimneys.
Beyond these ground structures, some termite species, such as Nasutitermes and Microcerotermes species, construct “arboreal nests” in trees. These ovoid structures are made from a “carton” material, a mixture of digested wood and termite feces, resembling papier-mâché or cardboard. Ground mounds vary greatly in size, from small bumps to very large structures. Subterranean nests also exist, often indicated only by small surface features like mud tubes.
Identifying Termite Mounds
Distinguishing termite mounds from other natural formations like anthills or simple dirt piles involves observing several visual cues. Termite mounds are hard and durable due to their composition of soil, saliva, and feces, which act as a biocement. This makes them more resilient than dirt piles or anthills.
Termite mounds lack large entry holes. Instead, termite entrances are small and sealed, or they may use networks of tunnels and mud tubes that are less visible. Surface patterns or “veins” can be observed, which may be unique to species. These structures are found in open fields, savannas, and forests, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions.