Sunspots are areas of discoloration that appear on the skin due to sun exposure. This article explains what sunspots look like, where they commonly appear, and how to differentiate them from other skin marks. Understanding these characteristics helps identify sunspots and know when to consult a healthcare professional.
Understanding Sunspots
Sunspots, medically known as solar lentigines or age spots, are flat, harmless patches of skin discoloration. They develop from prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which stimulates an overproduction of melanin. This leads to localized areas of increased pigmentation.
While often associated with aging, sunspots can appear in younger individuals depending on their cumulative sun exposure. They are a common feature of photoaged skin, signifying the skin’s natural defense against UV damage. Despite their common name, they have no connection to liver function.
Visual Characteristics of Sunspots
Sunspots are flat, well-defined areas on the skin. Their color ranges from light tan to dark brown or even black. This pigmentation arises from concentrated melanin within the skin cells.
The shape of sunspots is usually oval or round, though they can also be irregularly shaped. Their size can vary from small, freckle-sized spots to larger patches. They may also group together, forming larger areas.
Sunspots generally have a smooth texture and are not raised above the skin’s surface. While typically flat, some solar lentigines can occasionally be slightly scaly. Their appearance can vary among individuals based on skin type and sun exposure.
Common Areas for Sunspot Formation
Sunspots appear on areas of the body that receive frequent and prolonged sun exposure. These include the face, particularly the forehead, cheeks, and nose. The backs of the hands are also common sites.
Other affected areas include the arms, especially the forearms, and the shoulders. The décolletage (upper chest) and upper back can also develop sunspots. This distribution reflects the direct link between cumulative sun exposure and sunspot development.
Differentiating Sunspots from Other Skin Marks
Distinguishing sunspots from other skin marks like freckles, moles, and seborrheic keratoses relies on visual characteristics. Freckles (ephelides) are generally smaller and lighter brown spots that become more prominent with sun exposure and fade in the winter months. Unlike sunspots, which persist, freckles become less noticeable with age.
Moles are typically evenly colored brown, tan, or black spots that can be either flat or raised. While moles can develop anywhere on the body and vary in size and texture, they are formed by clusters of melanin-producing cells. Sunspots, in contrast, are usually flat and arise from an overproduction of melanin due to sun damage.
Seborrheic keratoses often have a “stuck-on” appearance, resembling a waxy or crusty growth. Their color can range from tan to dark brown or even black, and they may be slightly raised or scaly. Unlike sunspots, which are flat pigmentations, seborrheic keratoses involve a proliferation of skin cells and can feel rough to the touch.
When to Consult a Professional
While sunspots are generally harmless, consult a healthcare professional if any skin spot changes in appearance. Pay attention to changes in size, shape, or color. A spot that develops irregular borders, multiple colors, or becomes asymmetrical warrants professional evaluation.
Seek medical advice if a spot becomes itchy, painful, bleeds, or does not heal. These changes can indicate more serious conditions, including certain types of skin cancer. Regular self-skin exams and professional check-ups are important for monitoring any new or changing skin lesions.