Stomach polyps are growths that form on the inner lining of the stomach, known as the gastric mucosa. These formations are often discovered incidentally during medical examinations and are often benign. While most stomach polyps do not pose an immediate health risk, some types carry a potential for developing into cancer, making their identification and characterization important.
Understanding Stomach Polyps
Stomach polyps develop from the cells lining the stomach and can vary significantly in size and shape. Their formation is often linked to chronic inflammation of the stomach lining, which can result from various factors, including Helicobacter pylori infection or long-term use of certain medications like proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Genetic predispositions also play a role in the development of some polyp types. These growths are internal and typically do not cause symptoms unless they become large or bleed.
Visual Characteristics of Stomach Polyps
Stomach polyps exhibit a range of visual attributes during endoscopic examination. Their size can vary from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. Polyps can present in different shapes, commonly described as flat, raised, or mushroom-like.
Those with a distinct stalk attaching them to the stomach wall are called pedunculated, while those that lie flat against the surface without a stalk are termed sessile. The color of a polyp often closely matches the surrounding healthy gastric mucosa, but some may appear reddish or paler than the surrounding tissue. The surface texture can also vary, appearing smooth, lobulated, or irregular, depending on the polyp’s type.
Common Types and Their Appearance
Hyperplastic polyps, which are the second most common type in the U.S., are typically small and appear reddish with a smooth or slightly irregular surface. These polyps frequently develop in areas of chronic inflammation, especially those associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. While generally having a low cancer risk, larger hyperplastic polyps may have a higher potential for malignant changes.
Fundic gland polyps are the most common type of stomach polyp in the United States and often present as small, sessile, and multiple growths, usually appearing pale or yellowish. They are commonly found in the upper part of the stomach. These polyps are generally considered benign, though very large ones or those associated with certain genetic syndromes can be a concern.
Adenomatous polyps, while less common, are of greater concern due to their higher potential to become cancerous. These polyps tend to be larger and may have a more irregular shape, lobulated surface, or a reddish appearance. They can be sessile or pedunculated and are more frequently found in the lower part of the stomach. The presence of an irregular surface, ulceration, or a particularly large size may suggest a higher risk of malignancy.
How Stomach Polyps Are Found
Stomach polyps are almost exclusively discovered during an upper endoscopy. This medical procedure involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a camera through the mouth, down the esophagus, and into the stomach and duodenum. The camera transmits images to a monitor, allowing visual inspection of the upper digestive tract for abnormalities, including polyps. During the endoscopy, if a polyp is identified, the physician will typically perform a biopsy, taking a tissue sample from the polyp. This sample is then sent to a laboratory for pathological examination to determine the polyp type and presence of cancerous or pre-cancerous cells.
When Medical Attention Is Needed
While many stomach polyps are asymptomatic, some individuals may experience symptoms like abdominal pain, nausea, or bleeding, manifesting as black, tarry stools. However, these symptoms are not exclusive to polyps and can indicate various gastrointestinal issues. Therefore, any persistent or concerning digestive symptoms warrant a medical evaluation.
Only a healthcare professional can accurately diagnose the presence and type of stomach polyps through endoscopic examination and biopsy. The decision for ongoing surveillance or treatment, such as removal, depends on the polyp’s type, size, and the presence of any concerning features. Regular follow-up endoscopies may be recommended, especially for certain polyp types or those with specific risk factors.