Gum recession is a common dental concern involving the gradual pulling back of the gum tissue surrounding the teeth. This process causes the gum line margin to shift, exposing more of the tooth structure than is typical. When the gum tissue pulls away, it uncovers the underlying tooth root surfaces that were previously protected. Recognizing the signs can prompt timely professional intervention, as the condition often progresses slowly and silently.
Gum recession is a form of periodontal disease that affects a significant portion of the adult population. It involves the physical loss of gum tissue, which normally serves as a protective barrier around the tooth.
Visual Signs of Gum Recession
The most noticeable sign of gum recession is the visual alteration in the appearance of the teeth and gums. Teeth may begin to look “longer” than they once did, a direct result of the gum tissue retreating from the crown. This elongation occurs because the root surface, which is normally hidden, becomes increasingly visible.
The exposed tooth root presents a distinct visual marker compared to the enamel-covered crown. Root surfaces are covered by cementum, a softer material that often appears darker or more yellow than the white, glossy enamel. This color difference creates a visible demarcation line near the base of the tooth where the gum line has receded.
A clear indentation or groove, sometimes described as a “notch,” can be seen or felt where the gum meets the exposed root. The gum line itself may appear uneven or asymmetrical across different teeth, as recession often affects some teeth more severely than others. Changes in the gum tissue color or texture near the affected area are also possible, sometimes presenting as inflammation or a pale appearance.
Physical Sensations and Symptoms
Beyond the visual changes, gum recession often manifests through noticeable physical sensations and discomfort. Increased tooth sensitivity is one of the earliest and most frequent complaints, particularly in response to temperature changes from hot or cold foods and drinks. This occurs because the root surface lacks the protective enamel layer, leaving microscopic tubules vulnerable to external stimuli.
Individuals may also experience a sharp, uncomfortable pain or soreness localized near the gum line, especially during brushing or flossing. The exposed root is rougher in texture than enamel, and the tongue may detect a “step” or ledge at the gum margin where the recession has occurred.
Bleeding gums during routine oral hygiene is another symptom often associated with the underlying issues that cause recession. While not a sign of recession itself, bleeding indicates gingivitis or periodontal disease, which frequently precedes or accompanies tissue loss. Persistent bad breath or an unpleasant taste may also be noticed due to bacteria accumulating in the newly formed pockets between the receding gum and the tooth.
Common Causes Leading to Recession
Receding gums result from several underlying mechanical or biological factors, rather than aging alone. One of the most common causes is aggressive or improper brushing technique, which involves using excessive force or a hard-bristled toothbrush. This mechanical trauma physically wears away the delicate gum tissue over time.
Periodontal disease is a major biological driver of recession, where bacterial plaque accumulation triggers inflammation. The body’s inflammatory response damages the supporting gum tissue and underlying bone. As the bone support deteriorates, the soft tissue follows, resulting in recession and the formation of deep pockets.
Genetic predisposition also plays a role, as some individuals are born with naturally thin or fragile gum tissue. Other contributing factors include:
- Tobacco use, which compromises gum health and blood flow.
- Physical stress from teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism).
- Misaligned teeth, which create uneven biting pressure and stress the connective tissues.
Health Consequences of Untreated Recession
When gum recession is left unaddressed, the exposed root surfaces face risks that the enamel-covered crown does not. The cementum covering the root is significantly softer than enamel, making it highly vulnerable to decay and erosion. This susceptibility leads to root decay (root caries), which progresses much faster than typical cavities on the crown.
The progression of tissue loss compromises the structural support of the tooth, leading to instability. As the soft tissue and alveolar bone recede further, teeth can become loose or mobile, potentially shifting out of alignment. In advanced cases, this loss of support can result in tooth loss.
Untreated recession also allows for the deepening of periodontal pockets, which serve as reservoirs for harmful bacteria difficult to remove with standard brushing. This deep-seated infection can lead to further inflammation and destruction of the jawbone. Addressing recession early is important to mitigate these long-term oral health risks.