Gum recession occurs when gum tissue pulls back or wears away, exposing more of the tooth or its root. This common dental issue can affect one or multiple teeth and often progresses gradually. Understanding its visual signs and causes is important for timely detection and management, as untreated recession can lead to various oral health concerns.
Identifying Receding Gums
One of the most noticeable visual cues of gum recession is that teeth may appear “longer” than before. This happens because the gum tissue, which normally covers a portion of the tooth, has pulled away, revealing more of the tooth’s surface. The exposed part of the tooth is often the root, which has a yellower or darker shade compared to the white enamel-covered crown.
An uneven or sloped gum line can also indicate recession, as some areas may have receded more than others, creating an irregular appearance. You might also observe a noticeable gap or space forming between the gum line and the tooth surface, or even a small groove or indentation where the gum meets the tooth.
Increased tooth sensitivity is a common accompanying symptom, particularly to hot, cold, or sweet foods and drinks. This sensitivity occurs because the exposed tooth roots lack the protective enamel layer found on the crown, making them more vulnerable. Other indicators can include gums that appear red or swollen, bleeding during brushing or flossing, or persistent bad breath.
Common Causes of Gum Recession
Aggressive tooth brushing, often involving a hard-bristled toothbrush or excessive force, can physically wear away gum tissue over time. This mechanical trauma can lead to the gradual pulling back of the gums from the tooth surface.
Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is another primary cause. This condition begins with bacterial plaque buildup, which can inflame the gums (gingivitis) and, if untreated, progress to periodontitis. In periodontitis, the infection damages the gum tissue and the bone supporting the teeth, causing the gums to recede and form pockets around the teeth.
Genetic predisposition plays a role, as some individuals are naturally more prone to thinner gum tissue or gum disease regardless of their oral hygiene habits. Hormonal changes, such as those experienced during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause, can also make gums more sensitive and susceptible to recession.
Tobacco use, including smoking and chewing tobacco, significantly increases the risk of gum disease and subsequent recession. Teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism) and misaligned teeth can also exert undue pressure on the gums, leading to recession in affected areas.
Impact on Oral Health
Untreated gum recession can lead to various oral health problems because exposed tooth roots are more vulnerable than enamel-covered crowns. Root surfaces are softer and lack protective enamel, making them highly susceptible to decay and cavities.
Another consequence is heightened tooth sensitivity, which can cause discomfort or pain when consuming hot or cold items, or even during routine brushing. In severe cases, where the gum tissue and underlying bone continue to recede, teeth can become loose and may even lead to tooth loss. Beyond these functional concerns, gum recession can also create aesthetic issues, resulting in an uneven gum line and a less uniform smile.
Seeking Professional Guidance and Prevention
If you suspect you have receding gums, consulting a dentist is an important first step. A dental professional can accurately diagnose the condition, assess its severity, and identify the underlying causes. They can then recommend appropriate treatment options, which might include deep cleaning (scaling and root planing) to remove plaque and tartar below the gum line, or in more advanced cases, surgical procedures like gum grafting to restore lost tissue.
Preventing gum recession involves adopting specific oral hygiene practices and lifestyle adjustments. Using a soft-bristled toothbrush and brushing gently with proper technique, focusing on a circular motion at an angle towards the gum line, helps protect delicate gum tissue. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are also important, as they allow for early detection of issues and removal of hardened plaque (tartar) that cannot be removed by brushing alone.
Quitting tobacco products is recommended, as tobacco significantly contributes to gum disease and recession. For individuals who grind or clench their teeth, wearing a custom-fitted nightguard can protect gums from excessive force. Maintaining a balanced diet also supports overall oral health, which can indirectly help prevent gum issues.