Quail are small, ground-dwelling birds found in diverse habitats across the globe. These birds are omnivorous, meaning their diet consists of both plant and animal matter. Their food choices adapt significantly based on environmental availability in the wild or the specific provisions made when they are kept in captivity. This article explores quail’s dietary habits in the wild and in human care.
Quail in Their Natural Habitat
Wild quail consume a varied diet, foraging on the ground. Seeds form a significant portion of their intake, including those from grasses, various weeds like ragweed, and agricultural crops such as corn, soybeans, and wheat. Some species, like the Common Quail, consume seeds from over 100 plant types. California Quail’s diet, for example, is about 70% plant material from sources like clover and lupins.
Insects and other invertebrates are an important protein source, especially for breeding females and growing chicks in spring and summer. Quail hunt beetles, ants, grasshoppers, spiders, earwigs, termites, worms, and ticks. Newly hatched chicks rely almost exclusively on insects for the first two to three weeks, as these provide the high protein needed for rapid growth and feather development.
Green vegetation, berries, and fruits also contribute. Quail consume leaves, shoots, and buds, which provide essential vitamins and moisture. Seasonal berries like blackberries, raspberries, and wild grapes offer nutrients and energy. During autumn, quail may eat fallen acorns. Their diet shifts throughout the year, with more insects and seeds in spring and summer, transitioning to more green vegetation in late summer, fall, and winter when seeds and insects become scarcer.
Feeding Quail in Captivity
In captivity, specialized commercial game bird feed forms the foundation of a quail’s diet. These feeds are formulated to provide a balanced array of proteins, vitamins, and minerals tailored to different life stages. Chicks from 0 to 6 weeks require a starter feed with a high protein content, typically between 24% and 30% to support rapid growth. As they mature, growing quail (6 to 8 weeks) transition to a grower feed containing 18% to 24% protein.
Adult quail, especially laying hens, need an adult or layer feed (18-20% protein), often supplemented with higher calcium for eggshell formation. Calcium supplements like crushed oyster shells or cuttlebone should be offered free-choice to laying hens for strong eggshells and bone health. Insoluble grit, such as small stones or coarse sand, is also necessary to aid digestion by helping quail grind food in their gizzard.
Safe treats can be given in moderation, making up no more than 10-15% of their total intake. These include:
Leafy greens like dandelion greens, kale, and lettuce (excluding iceberg)
Vegetables such as cucumbers, carrots, and zucchini
Small amounts of fruit, like blueberries, strawberries, or pitted cherries
Protein-rich treats like mealworms, black soldier fly larvae, or boiled and crushed eggs
Constant access to fresh, clean water is necessary for quail health and hydration.
Harmful Foods for Quail
Certain foods are toxic to quail and must be avoided. Avocado (fruit, seeds, leaves, bark) contains persin, toxic to birds and causing respiratory and cardiac issues. Chocolate, caffeine, and alcohol are dangerous, potentially leading to hyperactivity, increased heart rate, or fatality. Processed human foods high in salt or sugar, such as chips or candies, can cause dehydration, kidney problems, and other health issues.
Raw or uncooked beans contain phytohaemagglutinin, a toxic lectin causing severe digestive upset. Certain plant parts, including rhubarb leaves, tomato leaves and stems, and nightshade plants, contain harmful compounds. Onions and garlic should also be avoided as they contain compounds that can damage red blood cells and cause digestive problems. Before introducing any new food, it is best to exercise caution and conduct thorough research.