Among the earliest and most frequently observed physical changes are those occurring in the breasts and nipples.
Darkening of Nipples and Areolas
One of the most noticeable visual changes during pregnancy is the significant darkening of the nipples and the surrounding areolas. This pigmentation can range from a deeper brown to a reddish-brown hue. The extent of this darkening can vary considerably among individuals, influenced by their natural skin tone.
This color change is primarily due to a surge in pregnancy hormones, specifically estrogen and progesterone. These hormones stimulate melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin, which is the pigment that gives color to skin, hair, and eyes. Areas of the body that already have higher concentrations of melanin, such as the areolas, tend to darken more intensely during this period. Some theories suggest this evolutionary adaptation helps a newborn, whose vision is still developing, to locate the nipple more easily for feeding.
Increase in Size and Prominence
Beyond color, the nipples and areolas also increase in size and prominence during pregnancy. The nipple itself may become larger and more erect, protruding further than before. The diameter of the areola, the pigmented area around the nipple, expands.
This enlargement is a direct result of hormonal shifts and increased blood flow to the breast tissue. Estrogen promotes the growth of milk ducts, while progesterone supports the development of milk-producing cells within the breast glands. The increased blood volume, which doubles during pregnancy, also contributes to the overall swelling and more prominent appearance of the breasts, including the nipples and areolas, as the body prepares for lactation.
Appearance of Montgomery Glands
Montgomery glands, also known as Montgomery’s tubercles, become more visible on the areola during pregnancy. These are small, raised bumps or pimple-like structures scattered across the areola. While always present, they become more pronounced due to hormonal changes.
These glands are modified sebaceous (oil-producing) glands. They can vary in number, with some individuals noticing a few and others having up to several dozen on each areola. Their color may blend with the darkened areola or appear slightly lighter, sometimes resembling small white or yellowish heads. Montgomery glands produce an oily, lubricating substance that helps to keep the nipple and areola moisturized and protected, which is particularly beneficial during breastfeeding. This secretion also contains antibacterial properties and may emit a scent that guides newborns to the breast.