Pigeons are a common sight in urban and rural environments across the globe, known for their distinctive look. Understanding their physical attributes provides insight into how these adaptable birds thrive in diverse habitats. This exploration focuses on the typical characteristics that define a pigeon’s appearance, from its overall structure to its specific markings.
General Build and Size
Pigeons, specifically the rock dove (Columba livia), exhibit a compact and stout body shape. Their robust build supports their strong flight capabilities, essential for navigating environments. A typical adult pigeon measures between 29 to 37 centimeters (11 to 15 inches) in length from beak to tail.
These birds possess a notable wingspan, ranging from 62 to 72 centimeters (24 to 28 inches). This wide span allows for efficient aerial movement, whether for short bursts or sustained flight. Wild or feral pigeons weigh between 238 and 380 grams (8.4 to 13.4 ounces).
Head and Body Features
A pigeon’s head is small and rounded, featuring prominent eyes that are orange, red, or golden with a paler inner ring. The eyes are guarded by upper and lower eyelids, as well as a transparent nictitating membrane. Their short, slender beak is grey-black and pointed, adapted for picking up small food items.
At the base of the upper beak lies a fleshy, waxy structure known as the cere. This off-white cere contains the nostrils. Pigeons have short, strong legs that are reddish to pink. Each foot is equipped with four toes, with three pointing forward and one pointing backward, providing a stable grip.
Plumage and Common Markings
The plumage of a common pigeon is slate-gray across its body. This uniform base is accented by an iridescent sheen on the neck and throat feathers. This iridescence, appearing in shades of glossy yellowish, green, and reddish-purple, becomes particularly noticeable in sunlight and can shift with viewing angles.
Two dark, black bars stretch across each wing, contrasting with lighter gray wing feathers. Many pigeons also display a white patch on their lower back, which is an identification characteristic for the wild rock dove. The tail features a broad, dark band near its end, contrasting with paler tail feathers. Variations in urban populations can include individuals with darker, lighter, or patchy white or brown plumage due to hybridization with domestic breeds.