Certain scents, chemical compounds, and environmental conditions can significantly reduce mosquito presence and biting activity.
What Mosquitoes Avoid
Synthetic repellents like DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) work by confusing or interfering with the mosquito’s antennae receptors, making it difficult for them to detect carbon dioxide, body heat, and skin chemicals that attract them. Research suggests DEET may also make human skin taste unappealing to mosquitoes’ leg taste receptors. Picaridin, a synthetic compound, and Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus (OLE), derived from the lemon eucalyptus tree, are other effective options. OLE contains para-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD), which is recognized for its repellent properties. IR3535 is another repellent used against mosquitoes, deer ticks, and biting flies.
Beyond synthetic compounds, certain natural plant extracts possess repellent qualities, though their effectiveness can vary. Citronella, derived from lemongrass, contains compounds like citronellal and geraniol that disrupt mosquito olfactory receptors, making it harder for them to find a target. However, citronella often requires frequent reapplication and may not be as effective as DEET for extended protection.
Other essential oils from plants like lavender, peppermint, and catnip have also shown some repellent activity. Lavender, containing linalool, can repel mosquitoes by overwhelming their sense of smell. Peppermint oil, with its menthol content, has demonstrated repellent rates against adult mosquitoes.
Environmental factors also play a role in deterring mosquitoes. Strong air currents created by fans can physically deter mosquitoes, as they are weak flyers and struggle in winds exceeding 10-12 miles per hour. Fans also help disperse carbon dioxide and body odors, making it harder for mosquitoes to locate individuals. Eliminating standing water is an important environmental measure, as mosquitoes lay their eggs in stagnant water. Regularly draining or covering containers that collect water can significantly reduce mosquito populations.
Using Mosquito Repellents
Always read and follow the product label instructions for specific application rates and reapplication intervals. Repellents should be applied evenly to all exposed skin and clothing, but not underneath clothing. When applying to the face, it is advisable to spray the repellent onto your hands first, then rub it onto the face, avoiding eyes and mouth. Avoid applying repellents over cuts, wounds, or irritated skin.
If using sunscreen, apply it first, followed by the insect repellent. After returning indoors, wash treated skin with soap and water.
Natural and plant-based methods can supplement chemical repellents. Growing plants like citronella, lavender, peppermint, and catnip in your garden can create a localized deterrent effect due to their strong fragrances. Essential oils from these plants can be used in diffusers or diluted to create topical sprays. It is important to dilute essential oils with a carrier oil or water before applying them to the skin to prevent irritation. While some natural options offer mild repellency, their protection time is often shorter compared to synthetic repellents, necessitating more frequent reapplication.
Complementing repellent use with environmental management further enhances mosquito control. Regularly emptying and cleaning containers that hold water, such as buckets, bird baths, and plant saucers, eliminates breeding sites. Turning over items that can collect water, like tires or toys, also prevents water accumulation. For water features that cannot be drained, such as rain barrels, ensure they are tightly covered with fine mesh screens. Using fans, especially outdoors, can create air currents that make it difficult for mosquitoes to fly and find targets.