Millipedes are fascinating arthropods, distinct from their predatory relatives, the centipedes. They possess numerous legs and segmented bodies, often found in damp, dark environments. Understanding their diet is central to recognizing their unique place in various ecosystems.
The Primary Millipede Diet
Millipedes are primarily detritivores, consuming decaying organic matter. They eat decomposing leaves, rotting wood, and other plant material that has fallen to the forest floor or garden beds. They also feed on moist soil rich in organic debris. Some species may opportunistically feed on fungi or decaying fruits and vegetables. Their mouthparts are adapted for chewing and grinding these soft, moist materials, allowing them to process decaying vegetation.
Millipedes often inhabit areas with abundant organic matter, such as under mulch, dead leaves, or piles of grass clippings. They are not selective eaters and can consume a significant amount relative to their size, with some species eating up to five times their body weight between hatching and adulthood. This continuous feeding on detritus helps them obtain essential nutrients and moisture, which are crucial for their survival in damp environments.
Millipedes as Decomposers
The dietary habits of millipedes position them as important recyclers within ecosystems. As they ingest decaying plant and sometimes animal matter, they break it down into smaller particles, accelerating its further decomposition by other microorganisms. This fragmentation of organic material is crucial for nutrient cycling, as it helps release elements like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus back into the soil.
Their feeding activities and gut processes contribute to the transformation of litter, enriching soil fertility and improving soil structure. Millipedes also aid in soil aeration through their movement and burrowing, which enhances water penetration and root development for plants. Their excretions, often referred to as frass, decompose more rapidly than the original ingested litter, further contributing to the cycling of nutrients and the formation of a rich humus layer in forest soils.
Dietary Habits and Variations
While millipedes predominantly feed on decaying organic matter, their diet can exhibit some variations. They generally do not consume healthy, living plants, distinguishing them from many common garden pests. However, if their habitat becomes too dry or decaying matter is scarce, millipedes may occasionally nibble on tender seedlings, soft roots, or moist green leaves to obtain moisture. In agricultural settings, they might damage crops like strawberries, melons, or potatoes.
For pet millipedes, a diet mimicking their natural intake is provided, including decaying leaves and specialized substrate mixes. Captive millipedes are also fed various fresh fruits and vegetables, which should be sliced or peeled due to their weak mouthparts. Calcium supplements are also important for their exoskeleton health. Millipedes tend to feed slowly and continuously, primarily during nocturnal hours.