Liver spots, medically known as solar lentigines, are common areas of darkened skin that appear as people age. These spots result from exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which causes an excess production of melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. Despite their common name, liver spots have no connection to the liver or its function. They are a harmless skin condition, but their presence indicates a history of sun exposure.
Defining Their Appearance
Liver spots present as flat patches of skin that can vary in color from light tan to dark brown or even black. Their shape is well-defined, appearing round, oval, or somewhat irregular. They are generally smooth to the touch, not raised or bumpy, though they can sometimes have a slightly scaly texture.
These spots can range in size, from a few millimeters, similar to a freckle, up to about 2 centimeters across. While they can appear individually, they sometimes cluster together, creating a larger area of discoloration. Liver spots commonly develop on areas of the body that receive frequent sun exposure, such as the face, the backs of the hands, arms, shoulders, and the tops of the feet.
Distinguishing Liver Spots from Similar Marks
Liver spots differ from freckles because liver spots are permanent and do not fade during winter months, unlike freckles which lighten or disappear without sun exposure. Freckles are generally smaller and are a direct response to sun exposure, while liver spots signify cumulative UV damage. Liver spots are also larger and more distinct than typical freckles.
Moles, also known as nevi, differ from liver spots. Moles are raised accumulations of pigment cells that vary in color and texture. Moles often have uneven distribution of pigment cells and can change in appearance, which warrants medical attention. Liver spots, in contrast, maintain their flat profile and generally stable appearance.
Melasma manifests as larger, splotchy patches of brown or grayish-brown discoloration, often covering broader areas of the face. Melasma is primarily triggered by hormonal fluctuations, such as during pregnancy or with birth control use, although sun exposure can worsen it. Liver spots, however, are distinct, individual spots rather than widespread, diffuse patches.
Unlike liver spots, which remain flat, seborrheic keratoses are raised growths with a waxy, “stuck-on” appearance, sometimes described as greasy or wart-like. They vary in color and texture and may sometimes feel rough or scaly, unlike the smooth surface of most liver spots.
When to Seek Medical Advice
While liver spots are benign, consult a doctor or dermatologist if you notice any changes in an existing spot or if a new spot appears concerning. Seek professional evaluation if a spot changes in color, size, or shape. Also seek medical advice if a spot becomes itchy, tender, or begins to bleed.
If a spot develops irregular borders, displays multiple colors, or is difficult to distinguish from other types of lesions, seek assessment. Only a medical professional can accurately diagnose a skin lesion and determine if it is a harmless liver spot or a more serious condition like melanoma, sometimes requiring a skin biopsy for confirmation.