Lantana is a common perennial flowering shrub native to the tropical regions of the Americas, known for its vibrant, multi-colored blooms. It thrives in hot conditions, attracting butterflies and hummingbirds. Following pollination, the plant develops small, round fruits that contain the reproductive material. Understanding the appearance of these seeds is important for gardeners and for plant identification and safety.
The Fruit Structure That Contains the Seeds
The seeds are not immediately visible but are encased within a small, fleshy fruit known botanically as a drupe. These small fruits develop in clusters after the flowers fade, resembling tiny berries. When the fruit first emerges, it is typically a shade of bright green, firm, and highly toxic.
As the drupes mature, their color changes from green to a glossy, dark purple, bluish-black, or solid black. These mature, peppercorn-sized fruits generally measure between four and six millimeters in diameter. The fleshy outer layer attracts birds, which consume the fruit and subsequently disperse the internal seed.
Detailed Appearance of Lantana Seeds
Once the fleshy pulp of the mature drupe is removed, the seeds, or nutlets, are revealed. Each small fruit typically contains one or occasionally two nutlets. The actual seed is smaller than the fruit casing, often measuring 1.5 millimeters in length.
The nutlet is generally round or slightly oblong and has a tough, hard outer shell. This hard casing helps the seed survive passage through an animal’s digestive tract, assisting in dispersal and germination. The color of the dried, extracted seed is usually a light to dark tan or brown. The surface may exhibit a slightly bumpy or ribbed texture.
Safety Considerations Regarding Ingestion
Handling lantana seeds and fruits requires caution because the plant contains toxic triterpenoid compounds, specifically lantadene A and B. While all parts of the plant are considered poisonous, the unripe green berries and the seeds are the most concentrated sources of these toxins. Ingestion of the berries can cause adverse reactions.
The toxicity poses a danger to humans, especially small children tempted by the colorful, berry-like appearance of the fruit. Domestic animals, including dogs, cats, and livestock, can be poisoned if they consume the plant material. The toxins primarily target the hepatic system, leading to liver damage and gastrointestinal distress. It is advised to avoid consuming any part of the lantana plant.