An intravenous (IV) line is a common medical procedure where a small tube, known as a catheter, is inserted directly into a person’s vein. This method delivers fluids or medications directly into the bloodstream. IV therapy is widely used in healthcare to address various patient needs.
How IVs Work
IV administration involves placing a thin, flexible catheter into a vein, usually in the arm or hand. A needle guides the catheter into the vein, then is removed, leaving the catheter in place. The catheter connects to external tubing leading to a bag of fluids or medication.
This setup allows substances to enter the circulatory system directly, bypassing the digestive tract. Unlike oral medications, IV delivery ensures immediate entry into the bloodstream. This direct route enables rapid absorption and distribution throughout the body, making it effective for quick action or precise dosing. A pump often regulates the fluid delivery rate, ensuring steady and controlled administration.
Key Purposes of IV Therapy
IV therapy serves several functions in healthcare. One application is for hydration, especially when individuals are unable to drink sufficient fluids or are severely dehydrated due to illness, exercise, or other factors. Administering fluids directly into the bloodstream quickly replenishes lost water and electrolytes, alleviating symptoms like fatigue and dizziness. This direct delivery is more efficient than oral rehydration, as fluids bypass the digestive system and are immediately available.
Another use of IVs is for medication delivery. Many drugs requiring quick action, or those that cannot be taken orally or need precise dosing, are administered intravenously. This includes antibiotics for infections, pain relievers for discomfort, and chemotherapy agents for cancer treatment. Direct bloodstream access ensures these medications reach target areas swiftly and in controlled concentrations.
IV therapy also provides nutrient support for patients unable to eat or absorb nutrients adequately through their digestive system. Conditions preventing oral intake or proper absorption may necessitate total parenteral nutrition (TPN) delivered via IV. TPN provides a balanced mixture of amino acids, lipids, glucose, vitamins, and minerals to sustain health.
IV lines are also used for blood transfusions. This involves transferring donated blood or blood components into a patient’s circulation to replace blood lost due to injury or surgery, or to address conditions affecting blood components. Transfusions help restore blood volume, improve oxygen delivery, and support clotting functions.
Common Substances Administered via IV
A variety of fluids and medications are administered through IVs. Saline solutions, such as normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride), are used for hydration and as carriers for medications. Normal saline is isotonic, with a salt concentration similar to the body’s natural fluids.
Dextrose solutions, containing sugar (glucose) in water, provide hydration and an energy source. These solutions can be used for patients with low blood sugar or combined with other IV fluids to offer additional benefits.
Electrolyte solutions, such as Lactated Ringer’s, restore the body’s electrolyte balance. These are beneficial for patients experiencing fluid loss or electrolyte imbalances.
Medications across various therapeutic categories are also delivered intravenously. This includes antibiotics for treating bacterial infections, pain relievers to manage discomfort, and anti-nausea drugs to alleviate sickness. Vitamins and minerals are also administered via IV, particularly when higher absorption is desired or oral intake is compromised.
Blood products are another category of substances administered intravenously. These include whole blood, red blood cells, plasma, or platelets, depending on the patient’s specific medical needs. Transfusions are vital for replacing lost blood components and supporting various bodily functions.