Inflamed gums are a common oral health concern, frequently indicating gingivitis, the earliest stage of gum disease. Understanding their visual cues is important for early recognition and seeking appropriate care.
Key Visual Signs
Healthy gums are typically firm, pale pink, and often have a stippled, orange-peel-like texture. When inflamed, gums change noticeably, developing a reddish, dark red, or even purplish hue due to increased blood flow to the affected area.
Beyond color changes, inflamed gums often appear swollen or puffy. Their texture can also shift from firm and stippled to smooth, shiny, or stretched. Easy bleeding, which can occur even with gentle actions like brushing, flossing, or eating, is a significant visual indicator. In more advanced stages, the gums might begin to pull away from the teeth, leading to what appears as longer teeth, a condition known as gum recession.
Accompanying Symptoms and Underlying Causes
Beyond visual changes, inflamed gums can cause tenderness or pain, especially when brushing, flossing, or chewing food. A persistent unpleasant taste or bad breath (halitosis) can also accompany inflamed gums.
The primary reason for gum inflammation is often plaque accumulation, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on teeth. If not removed through regular oral hygiene, plaque hardens into tartar, which further irritates the gumline and creates a protective shield for bacteria. Hormonal changes, such as those during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause, can also make gums more susceptible to inflammation. Other contributing factors include certain medications, smoking, systemic health conditions like diabetes or vitamin deficiencies, and occasionally, food particles lodged in the gums or poorly fitting dental appliances.
When Professional Help is Needed
Seek dental consultation if inflamed gum symptoms persist for more than a few days or up to two weeks, even after improving oral hygiene. Severe pain or discomfort, or excessive or spontaneous bleeding beyond what might occur with brushing, warrants prompt professional attention.
Other indicators for professional evaluation include visible pus around the gums or teeth, or if gums become severely swollen, red, and tender. Difficulty eating or speaking due to gum discomfort also prompts a dental visit. If gum issues are accompanied by systemic symptoms like a fever, seek professional help without delay, as this could indicate a more widespread infection.