A gum cyst is a fluid-filled sac that can form in the soft tissues of the mouth, typically around the gums and teeth. These formations, while they may seem concerning, are generally benign and respond well to professional care. Recognizing their characteristics is a first step toward understanding these oral conditions.
Key Visual Characteristics
Gum cysts appear as a noticeable lump or bump on the gum tissue. Their color varies, from pale, whitish, or yellowish, to reddish or bluish if inflamed or containing blood. They are usually rounded or oval, creating a distinct raised area.
The size of a gum cyst can range significantly, from a small, pea-sized bump to a larger, more prominent mass. When gently touched, the texture of a gum cyst might feel soft, firm, or fluid-filled. Common locations include the gum line, near the root of a tooth, or even on the roof of the mouth. The gum tissue surrounding the cyst may appear normal, or it could show signs of inflammation, such as redness or swelling.
Common Types and Their Appearance
A periapical cyst, the most common type, appears as a swelling near the root tip of a tooth that may no longer be vital. This cyst can sometimes be associated with a discolored tooth. Dentigerous cysts manifest as a swelling over an unerupted tooth, often in the jawbone, or as a bulge on the gum, forming around the crown of a tooth that has not yet emerged.
Gingival cysts appear as small, translucent or bluish lumps directly on the gum tissue, not associated with a tooth root. In newborns, these can be very small, whitish or yellowish nodules. Eruption cysts are seen in children as a bluish or purplish swelling over an erupting tooth. The color comes from fluid or blood trapped under the gum tissue as the tooth emerges.
Accompanying Signs
Gum cysts can be accompanied by other physical signs. Individuals might experience pain or tenderness in the affected area, especially if infected. Swelling or inflammation of the surrounding gum tissue is also a common indicator.
If a gum cyst ruptures or becomes infected, there may be a discharge of pus or fluid. Larger cysts can lead to difficulty chewing or speaking. A person might also notice tooth sensitivity or increased mobility of an adjacent tooth if the cyst is affecting it. A feeling of pressure in the area is another symptom.
What Causes Them and How They’re Identified
Infections, often originating from a decaying tooth or a previously failed root canal treatment, are a frequent cause. Trauma to the tooth or gum tissue can also lead to cyst formation. Developmental abnormalities during tooth formation or eruption are another common origin. Impacted or unerupted teeth can also trigger cyst development.
Identifying a gum cyst requires professional evaluation. A dentist begins with a clinical examination, including visual inspection and gentle palpation of the affected area. Dental X-rays, such as periapical or panoramic images, are used to assess bone involvement and examine tooth roots. In some instances, a biopsy may be necessary for a definitive diagnosis and to rule out other conditions.
Professional Care and Outcomes
Once a gum cyst is diagnosed, professional treatment is recommended. For infected cysts, initial management might involve drainage to alleviate pressure and reduce infection. The most common approach for larger or persistent cysts is surgical removal, known as enucleation, where the entire cyst is carefully extracted.
If the cyst is linked to an infected tooth, root canal treatment may be performed to address the underlying cause and preserve the tooth. If the affected tooth is severely damaged or cannot be restored, extraction might be necessary. Most gum cysts are benign and have a favorable outcome with appropriate treatment. Follow-up care is recommended to monitor healing and help prevent recurrence.