The roots of teeth are normally hidden beneath the gum line. When exposed, they can lead to dental concerns like increased sensitivity and a higher risk of decay. This article describes what exposed tooth roots look like, their common causes, associated symptoms, and when to seek professional dental consultation.
Identifying Exposed Tooth Roots
When tooth roots become exposed, they often present a distinct appearance compared to the tooth’s crown, the visible part normally covered by enamel. The exposed root surface typically appears yellower or darker than the white enamel of the crown. This difference in color is due to the underlying dentin and cementum, which lack the bright white translucency of enamel.
The texture of an exposed root can also differ, often feeling softer or rougher than the smooth, hard enamel. Visually, the gum line will appear to have pulled away from the tooth, making the tooth look “longer” than usual. This recession can sometimes create a noticeable gap or notch where the gum tissue once covered the root. The exposed root surface itself might be concave or grooved, particularly if the exposure is due to aggressive brushing. The surrounding gum tissue may also show signs of inflammation, appearing red or swollen.
Common Causes of Exposure
Several factors can lead to tooth root exposure. Gum recession, where the gum pulls away from the tooth, is a frequent cause.
Aggressive brushing, using excessive force or hard-bristled toothbrushes, can wear away gum tissue over time. Periodontal disease, an infection of the gums, is another significant contributor, causing inflammation and destroying supporting gum tissue and bone. Genetic predisposition can also play a role. Other factors include teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism), which stresses the gums, and orthodontic tooth movement.
Accompanying Symptoms and Complications
Beyond visual changes, exposed tooth roots often lead to noticeable symptoms and potential complications. Increased tooth sensitivity is a common symptom, manifesting as a sharp pain or discomfort when consuming hot, cold, sweet, or acidic foods and drinks, or even when brushing. This occurs because the protective enamel does not cover the root surface; instead, it is covered by cementum, which is softer and allows stimuli to reach the underlying dentin and nerve pulp more easily.
Pain or tenderness in the gums can also occur, sometimes accompanied by bleeding, especially during brushing or flossing. Aesthetic concerns are also a factor, as teeth may appear disproportionately long. If left unaddressed, exposed roots are more susceptible to root decay, as the cementum is less resistant to acid than enamel. Abfraction, which are wedge-shaped notches at the gum line, can also develop from chewing forces on the tooth, further exposing the root. Additionally, the progression of gum disease can worsen, potentially leading to further tissue and bone loss.
When to Consult a Dentist
Recognizing the signs of exposed tooth roots warrants a professional dental evaluation. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent further damage and more severe complications. A dentist can confirm the presence of exposed roots, identify the specific underlying cause, and recommend appropriate treatment options.
Treatment approaches can vary depending on the severity and cause of the exposure. Options may include applying desensitizing agents or fluoride varnishes to reduce sensitivity and strengthen the root surface. For more significant recession, dental bonding can cover the exposed area, or gum grafting procedures may be recommended to restore lost gum tissue. In cases of root decay, fillings may be necessary, while advanced gum disease might require deep cleaning procedures such as scaling and root planing.