Identifying snakes can be challenging, especially juveniles whose appearance differs significantly from adults. What are commonly referred to as “black snakes” in North America primarily include the Eastern Ratsnake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis) and the Black Racer (Coluber constrictor). Understanding their characteristics, particularly in their younger stages, is helpful for accurate identification.
From Patterned to Black: The Appearance of Hatchlings
Hatchlings of “black snakes” are typically not black at all. Baby Eastern Ratsnakes, for instance, display a distinct pattern of black, diamond-shaped blotches on a pale gray or sometimes yellowish background. Their bellies often have an irregular black-and-white checkerboard pattern, which becomes uniformly slate gray towards the tail. These hatchlings are usually just over a foot long at birth, averaging around 11 to 14.5 inches.
Similarly, juvenile Black Racers are gray or tan with irregular reddish-brown blotches or spots running down their backs. These blotches help them camouflage in their early environment, such as leaf litter. They are quite small upon hatching, typically ranging from 6 to 14 inches in length. As both Eastern Ratsnakes and Black Racers grow, their patterned coloration gradually fades, and they develop the uniform shiny black appearance characteristic of adults. This process of darkening, known as melanism, leads to the solid black color seen in mature individuals.
Distinguishing Baby Black Snakes from Other Species
Distinguishing baby black snakes from other species, especially venomous Copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix), requires careful observation. Copperheads have a distinct, triangular-shaped head that is wider than their neck, allowing space for their venom glands. In contrast, baby Eastern Ratsnakes and Black Racers have a more oval or elongated head that is not significantly wider than their body.
Another distinguishing feature is the shape of their pupils; Copperheads possess vertical, elliptical pupils, similar to a cat’s eye, while baby black snakes have round pupils. Copperheads also have heat-sensing pits between their eyes and nostrils, a characteristic absent in non-venomous species. The body pattern of a Copperhead features distinct hourglass-shaped crossbands that are wider on the sides and narrower across the back, resembling a “Hershey’s Kiss.” Baby Eastern Ratsnakes, however, have more diamond-shaped or irregular blotches that do not typically extend to the sides in the same way. Additionally, juvenile Copperheads have a bright yellow or greenish tail tip, which they use to lure prey, a feature not found in baby black snakes.
Habitat and Common Behaviors
Baby Eastern Ratsnakes and Black Racers inhabit a variety of environments. They are commonly found in wooded areas, fields, farmlands, and suburban yards, particularly near structures like barns, rock piles, and brush piles. These young snakes also seek refuge under fallen logs or in old structures.
Their diet primarily consists of smaller prey, including insects, slugs, small frogs, and young rodents. Both species play a role in their ecosystems by helping to control rodent and insect populations. When encountered, baby black snakes are generally shy and will attempt to flee. If cornered or threatened, they may vibrate their tail to mimic a rattlesnake or strike defensively, but they are non-venomous.