The common apple tree, Malus domestica, is a widely cultivated, deciduous species belonging to the Rosaceae family. Its leaves are fundamental to the tree’s health, carrying out the photosynthesis needed to produce the fruit. Understanding the visual and structural details of apple tree leaves provides a clear guide for identification, especially when the tree is not bearing fruit or flowers.
The Basic Structure and Shape
Apple tree leaves are classified as simple leaves, meaning the leaf blade is undivided and attached directly to the twig by its own stem. The overall shape is typically ovate or elliptical, describing an elongated oval form that is wider near the base. They commonly measure between 2 to 5 inches (5 to 13 cm) in length and 1 to 2.5 inches (2.5 to 6.35 cm) wide.
The leaf blade features a pointed tip, known as the apex, and a base that is usually rounded or tapered where it meets the leaf stem. The upper surface of a mature apple leaf exhibits a medium to dark green color, often appearing slightly dull or olive-toned. Before dropping off the tree, the foliage typically transforms into shades of yellow in the autumn.
Surface and Texture Details
The margins, or edges, are finely toothed, a feature described botanically as finely-serrate or crenate. This pattern of small, uniform teeth runs around the perimeter of the leaf blade.
The difference in texture between the top and bottom surfaces is a particularly reliable identification feature. The upper surface of the leaf is relatively smooth, often becoming nearly hairless as it ages. The underside of the leaf is characteristically covered in a soft, dense layer of fine hairs, which gives it a whitish or pale-hairy appearance. This woolly underside helps distinguish it from many related trees. A prominent midrib runs down the center of the leaf, from which distinct secondary veins branch off to transport water and nutrients.
Arrangement on the Branch
The way the leaves are positioned along the branch, known as phyllotaxy, is an important clue for identifying the apple tree. Apple leaves are arranged alternately on the stem, meaning that each leaf emerges from the branch at a different point, or node, and is not directly opposite another leaf. This alternate pattern creates a spiral arrangement as the leaves progress up the twig.
Each leaf is connected to the branch by a short to medium-length stem called the petiole. The leaves often appear clustered on short, specialized growths known as fruit spurs, which bear flowers and fruit. This arrangement ensures that each leaf receives maximum sunlight, necessary for the tree’s overall growth.