The nasal cavity serves as the initial gateway for air entering the respiratory system. It plays a crucial role in preparing inhaled air by filtering out particles, warming it to body temperature, and humidifying it before it reaches the lungs. This process ensures the air is clean and conditioned for gas exchange within the lung tissues. Understanding its internal structure helps to appreciate how it efficiently manages the air we breathe.
Meet the Nasal Septum
The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into two distinct passages. This thin wall runs vertically down the center of the nose, separating the left and right nostrils internally. Its central placement directs airflow evenly and efficiently through each side of the nasal cavity.
This internal division is fundamental for the nose’s function in respiration. Without the septum, air would flow chaotically, diminishing the effectiveness of the nose’s filtering, warming, and humidifying capabilities. The presence of two separate passages allows for a more controlled air conditioning process. This organized airflow is a primary reason the septum holds importance in respiratory health.
Components of the Septum
The nasal septum is composed of both cartilage and bone, providing flexibility and rigidity. The anterior, or front, portion consists of hyaline cartilage, which allows for pliability. This cartilaginous part gives the tip of the nose its shape and resilience.
The posterior part of the septum is formed by two bones. The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone contributes to the upper bony section, extending downwards from the skull base. The vomer bone forms the lower and posterior part, articulating with the hard palate. The entire septum is covered by a mucous membrane rich in blood vessels and mucus-producing glands, which help warm and humidify incoming air and trap airborne particles.
Why the Septum Matters: Function and Common Issues
The nasal septum performs several functions beyond simply dividing the nasal cavity. It provides structural support to the external nose, helping maintain its shape and stability. The septum also directs the flow of air into the nasal passages, optimizing contact with the mucous membranes for warming, humidifying, and filtration. This controlled airflow protects the lower respiratory tract from cold, dry, or contaminated air.
The nasal septum can develop issues that affect its function. A common condition is a “deviated septum,” where the dividing wall is not perfectly centered but leans significantly to one side. This deviation can narrow one nasal passage, making it more difficult for air to flow through that nostril.
Symptoms of a deviated septum include chronic nasal congestion, difficulty breathing through one side of the nose, and recurrent nosebleeds due to increased airflow turbulence and drying of the mucous membrane. Individuals may also experience frequent sinus infections or noisy breathing during sleep, such as snoring. While many people have some degree of septal deviation without symptoms, a significant deviation can impede proper nasal function.