Armadillos are distinctive mammals, easily recognized by their unique, bony armor-like shells. These creatures, common in certain regions, often prompt questions about their potential to carry diseases. Understanding the facts about armadillos and the pathogens they might harbor is important for public health awareness.
Armadillos and Hansen’s Disease
Armadillos, particularly the nine-banded species, are notable for being one of the few non-human animals capable of naturally carrying Mycobacterium leprae, the bacterium responsible for Hansen’s disease, also known as leprosy. Their lower body temperature (32-35°C or 90°F) provides an environment suitable for the bacterium to thrive, making them susceptible hosts.
Transmission to humans can occur through close contact with an infected armadillo, such as handling the animal or its tissues. While the risk exists, it remains low for most people, as approximately 95% of the human population possesses natural immunity to Mycobacterium leprae.
The link between armadillos and human leprosy cases is most relevant in the southern United States, including states like Texas, Louisiana, Florida, Mississippi, and Alabama. Humans likely transmitted the bacterium to armadillos centuries ago, establishing the pathogen in armadillos. In some areas, up to 20% of the armadillo population may carry the bacterium, with Florida recently experiencing an increase in reported human cases.
Other Potential Pathogens
Beyond Hansen’s disease, armadillos can potentially carry other pathogens, though these are less commonly associated with the animals. Salmonella bacteria are among these, which can be transmitted to humans through contact with armadillo feces or contaminated surfaces. Infection with Salmonella can lead to salmonellosis, characterized by symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, nausea, and vomiting.
Rabies, a viral disease, is another pathogen armadillos, like many wild animals, can carry. While not primary carriers compared to species like raccoons or bats, documented cases of rabid armadillos exist. Transmission occurs through bites or scratches from an infected animal, though armadillos are not aggressive. An armadillo exhibiting unusual behavior, such as being active during daylight hours or appearing overly tame or aggressive, could be a sign of rabies. Armadillos may also carry parasites like tapeworms, transmitted through their feces, and fungal infections like histoplasmosis, contracted from contaminated soil.
Safe Interactions and Prevention
Minimizing the risk of disease transmission from armadillos involves adopting several practical precautions. Avoid direct physical contact with armadillos, whether alive or deceased, as this increases the likelihood of exposure to pathogens.
Keep pets away from armadillos and their burrows to prevent exposure. If circumstances necessitate handling an armadillo, such as removing a deceased animal, always wear sturdy protective gloves. Following any potential contact with an armadillo or working in areas where they have been active, thoroughly wash hands with soap and water. Avoid consuming armadillo meat, especially if not thoroughly cooked, to prevent bacterial transmission. By observing armadillos from a safe distance and reporting any sick or unusually behaving animals to local wildlife officials, individuals can help ensure both their own safety and that of the animals.