Armadillos are unique mammals, easily identified by their armored shells. Native to the Americas, they are known for their burrowing behaviors. Their presence often raises questions about potential diseases they might carry. This article provides information on the health risks associated with armadillos and how to safely coexist with them.
Leprosy: The Primary Concern
Armadillos, particularly the nine-banded armadillo, are unique among non-human animals for their ability to carry Mycobacterium leprae, the bacterium responsible for leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease. They serve as a natural reservoir for this bacterium, primarily due to their unusually low body temperature, which is hospitable to the leprosy bacterium.
Transmission of M. leprae from armadillos to humans, while rare, can occur through prolonged direct contact with infected animals. This risk is heightened in areas where human-armadillo interaction is frequent, such as parts of the southern United States where both armadillos and human leprosy cases are found. The bacteria can be shed through bodily secretions, and contact with blood or tissues poses a risk. Consuming undercooked armadillo meat is another potential route of transmission.
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. Symptoms may include discolored skin patches, lesions, numbness, and muscle weakness. If left untreated, it can lead to nerve damage, disfigurement, and, in severe cases, blindness. The incubation period can range from one year to 20 years or more, with symptoms typically appearing within three to five years after exposure. Most people have natural immunity to the bacterium, making transmission relatively difficult.
Other Potential Disease Risks
Beyond leprosy, armadillos can carry other pathogens that pose less common, but relevant, health risks. These include Salmonella, a bacterium causing salmonellosis, with symptoms like diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. Armadillos carry Salmonella in their digestive tracts and can shed the bacteria in their feces, potentially contaminating soil or water. Indirect contact with contaminated environments can lead to human infection.
Armadillos are also reservoirs for Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite responsible for Chagas disease. While armadillos can harbor this parasite, direct transmission to humans from armadillos is not typical. Chagas disease is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected triatomine, or “kissing” bugs, which become infected after feeding on infected animals, including armadillos.
Fungal pathogens, such as Histoplasma capsulatum, which causes histoplasmosis, are another concern. This fungus is found in soil, especially where contaminated by animal droppings. If armadillos disturb such soil through their burrowing, microscopic fungal spores can become airborne and, if inhaled, may cause respiratory illness. While generally mild, histoplasmosis can be more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems.
Minimizing Risk and Safe Interaction
To minimize potential health risks from armadillos, avoid direct contact with these animals, whether living or deceased. Refrain from handling, feeding, or attempting to capture them. Their natural behaviors, like burrowing, can bring them into contact with various pathogens, making close interaction risky.
Maintaining good hygiene is crucial. Thoroughly wash hands with soap and water after any potential contact with armadillos or areas they frequent, such as gardens or yards. If handling a dead armadillo for removal, wear sturdy, impervious gloves.
Consuming armadillo meat carries risks if not thoroughly cooked, as pathogens can persist. Keep pets away from armadillos and their burrows to prevent indirect exposure. If an armadillo appears unusually bold or active during the day, or if you suspect it might be ill, contact local animal control or wildlife experts for safe removal.