Armadillos are unique mammals recognized by their distinctive bony shells, primarily found in the southern United States. While generally perceived as harmless, they can sometimes carry certain pathogens. The overall risk of transmission to humans remains low, especially when appropriate precautions are observed.
Armadillos and Hansen’s Disease
Armadillos are among the few animals, besides humans, that can naturally carry Mycobacterium leprae, the bacterium responsible for Hansen’s Disease, also known as leprosy. This bacterial infection primarily affects the skin, nerves, upper respiratory tract, eyes, and testes. Research indicates that armadillos may have acquired the organism from humans centuries ago, becoming a reservoir for the disease.
Transmission from armadillos to humans typically occurs through direct, prolonged contact with infected animals. This can happen through handling, hunting, or consuming undercooked armadillo meat. In the southern United States, armadillos are known to harbor Mycobacterium leprae, and some studies suggest they contribute to human cases in these areas. The bacterium can be found in their bodily fluids, such as saliva and urine, and potentially in their tissues.
Other Illnesses Carried by Armadillos
Beyond Hansen’s Disease, armadillos can also carry other pathogens, though these instances are often less common. Salmonella bacteria can be present in armadillo feces, posing a risk of contaminating food or water sources if proper hygiene is not maintained. Ingesting contaminated substances can lead to typical symptoms of salmonellosis, such as diarrhea, fever, and vomiting.
Armadillos can also be hosts for Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas disease. While armadillos carry the parasite, human transmission usually occurs through the bite of infected triatomine bugs, often called “kissing bugs,” which can live in armadillo burrows. These bugs transmit the parasite through their feces, which can enter the human body through a bite wound or mucous membranes. Although rare, armadillos, like any mammal, can contract and transmit rabies.
Minimizing Risk of Transmission
To reduce the risk of contracting diseases from armadillos, several practical measures are recommended. It is important to avoid direct contact with armadillos, whether living or deceased. If handling an armadillo is unavoidable, such as during wildlife removal, always wear sturdy protective gear like gloves.
Consuming armadillo meat carries a potential risk of disease transmission, especially if not prepared properly. If armadillo meat is consumed, it must be thoroughly cooked until well-done to eliminate any potential pathogens. Practicing good hygiene is also important, including washing hands thoroughly with soap and water after any potential contact with armadillos, their burrows, or their habitats. Keeping armadillos as pets is not advisable due to the health risks they may pose.