A mammogram is a specialized, low-dose X-ray imaging technique used to examine breast tissue for changes that may be too small to detect by physical examination. This procedure plays a fundamental role in the early detection of breast cancer by capturing detailed images of the internal structures of the breast. Due to the reliance on sophisticated imaging equipment and trained specialists, mammograms are performed in specialized medical departments, most commonly referred to as Radiology or Diagnostic Imaging services.
The Primary Location: Imaging Services
The department performing a mammogram is typically housed within a hospital’s Radiology or Diagnostic Imaging unit, as the procedure utilizes X-ray technology. Many facilities, particularly in major medical centers, establish dedicated sub-departments known as Breast Centers or Women’s Imaging Centers. These specialized areas provide a focused, comfortable environment for breast health procedures and streamline the patient experience.
The procedure is performed by a certified mammography technologist, who operates the specialized X-ray equipment and ensures the breast is correctly positioned and compressed for high-quality images. The captured images are sent electronically to a radiologist, a physician who specializes in interpreting medical images. The radiologist analyzes the digital images for subtle signs of abnormality, such as masses or microcalcifications, before generating a formal report.
Screening Versus Diagnostic Mammograms
Patients encounter two distinct types of mammograms, each serving a different purpose in breast health management. A screening mammogram is a routine check performed annually on asymptomatic patients. This exam typically captures two standard images of each breast and is intended to detect early-stage changes before they become clinically apparent.
A diagnostic mammogram is ordered if a patient presents with a specific symptom, such as a palpable lump or unexplained nipple discharge, or if a screening result is suspicious. This procedure focuses specifically on the area of concern, involving the technologist taking additional views like magnification or spot compression images. The radiologist often reviews these diagnostic images in real-time while the patient is present, allowing for immediate consultation and potential further imaging, such as an ultrasound.
Preparing for Your Appointment
Patients are advised to wear a comfortable two-piece outfit, such as a shirt and pants, since they will need to undress only from the waist up for the procedure. The facility will provide a gown to wear during the brief waiting period.
On the day of the exam, patients must strictly avoid applying hygiene products to the chest area or underarms. Do not apply deodorant, antiperspirant, body powder, lotion, cream, or perfume. Many of these products contain tiny metallic particles, such as aluminum, which can appear as white specks on the X-ray image. This artifact can mimic microcalcifications, obscure actual findings, or lead to a false positive result, potentially requiring a repeat scan.
Pre-menopausal patients may consider scheduling their appointment approximately one week after the start of their menstrual period, as breast tissue is less tender during this part of the cycle. If you have had previous mammograms performed elsewhere, arrange to bring those prior images or ensure they are electronically transferred. This allows the radiologist to compare the new images with the old ones to identify subtle changes over time.
Results from a screening mammogram are generally available within a few days to a few weeks. Diagnostic results are often discussed with the patient the same day.