“Water on the elbow” refers to a condition characterized by swelling at the back of the elbow joint. This common ailment often manifests as a noticeable lump or fluid collection, which can vary in size. It is medically known as olecranon bursitis, indicating inflammation of a specific structure within the elbow.
Understanding Olecranon Bursitis
The elbow joint contains fluid-filled sacs called bursae, which serve as cushions between bones, tendons, and skin. The olecranon bursa is positioned directly over the bony tip of the elbow, known as the olecranon. Its primary function is to reduce friction, allowing the skin to glide smoothly over the bone during elbow movement.
When this bursa becomes irritated or inflamed, it can produce an excessive amount of fluid. This fluid accumulation causes the bursa to swell, leading to the visible swelling often described as “water on the elbow.” Normally, this bursa lies flat and is not noticeable.
Primary Reasons for Fluid Buildup
Fluid buildup in the olecranon bursa can stem from several causes. One common reason is direct trauma or injury to the elbow. A hard blow, such as falling directly onto the elbow, can cause the bursa to produce excess fluid and swell rapidly. Even repeated minor injuries, like frequently bumping the elbow, can lead to inflammation over time.
Another frequent cause is prolonged or repetitive pressure on the elbow. Activities that involve leaning on the elbow for extended periods, such as resting it on a desk or armrest, can irritate the bursa. Certain occupations, including plumbing, mining, gardening, and mechanics, are often associated with this condition due to the sustained pressure placed on the elbows. This constant pressure can result in chronic inflammation.
Infection represents a more serious cause. Bacteria can enter the bursa through a break in the skin, such as a cut, scrape, or puncture wound near the elbow. Once inside, bacteria can infect the bursa, leading to inflammation and fluid accumulation. This may turn into pus if untreated. Infection can sometimes occur even without an obvious skin injury.
Underlying medical conditions can also predispose individuals to bursitis. Systemic inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and pseudogout are associated with this condition. Diabetes or kidney failure can also increase the risk of developing bursitis. In these cases, the inflammation is often a manifestation of the broader systemic disease.
Recognizing the Signs
The most noticeable sign of olecranon bursitis is swelling at the tip of the elbow. This swelling can range from a subtle enlargement to a pronounced lump, sometimes resembling a golf ball. Initially, the swelling might not be obvious due to the loose skin around the elbow.
Pain is another common symptom, which often worsens with direct pressure on the elbow or when bending the arm. The pain can range from mild to severe, and in some cases, it may not be present at all, especially if the bursa is not infected. The affected area may also feel tender to the touch.
If the bursitis is caused by an infection, additional signs appear. The skin over the bursa may become red and feel warm to the touch. In severe cases, pus might drain from the area, or the infection could spread. Sometimes, the swelling can become large enough to restrict the elbow’s normal range of motion.
When to Consult a Healthcare Professional
While some cases of olecranon bursitis may resolve with rest and home care, certain symptoms warrant prompt medical evaluation. Consult a healthcare professional if the pain becomes severe or continues to worsen. A rapid increase in swelling or the inability to move the elbow normally indicates a need for medical attention.
Signs of a possible infection, such as significant redness, increased warmth, or fever, require immediate medical attention. Red streaks spreading from the elbow or any pus draining from the area are serious indicators of infection requiring urgent care. A healthcare provider can accurately diagnose the cause of the bursitis, distinguishing between non-infectious and infectious types for appropriate treatment.
Even if symptoms are not severe but fail to improve with home measures, seeking professional advice is recommended to prevent chronic issues or complications.