An upper back muscle spasm is an involuntary contraction of the muscles located between the shoulder blades and along the spine. They can range from a mild ache to sharp, debilitating pain. While often temporary, these spasms can significantly disrupt daily activities and are a common complaint.
Everyday Muscle and Posture Factors
Muscle strain and overuse are frequent culprits, occurring from activities like heavy lifting, unaccustomed physical exertion, or repetitive motions. For example, prolonged typing, painting, or reaching for objects on a high shelf can strain muscles. This overuse can cause muscles to tighten or even tear, triggering a spasm.
Poor posture is another common cause of upper back spasms. Sustained slouching, hunching over electronic devices, or sitting for extended periods can strain back muscles. This prolonged stress can weaken muscles over time, increasing their susceptibility to spasms. Sleeping in awkward positions can also strain back muscles, leading to discomfort and spasms upon waking.
Sudden, uncontrolled movements can also cause spasms. Quick twisting, abrupt turns, or unexpected impacts, such as those from a fall or car accident, can cause muscles to contract involuntarily. These acute injuries can lead to muscle tears and inflammation, triggering a protective spasm. A sedentary lifestyle contributes to deconditioned back muscles. Weakened muscles are less able to support the spine effectively, increasing their susceptibility to spasms.
Underlying Spinal and Nerve Issues
Less commonly, upper back spasms can signal more complex issues involving the spine and nerves. Disc problems, such as a bulging or herniated disc in the thoracic spine (the upper and middle back), can irritate nearby nerves. While less common in this region, a displaced disc can press on nerves, causing surrounding muscles to tighten. This nerve compression often causes pain, triggering muscle spasms to limit movement around the affected area.
Nerve impingement, where a nerve is squeezed by bone, cartilage, or muscle, can also lead to spasms. This pressure can disrupt normal signals, causing muscles to contract involuntarily. The body may initiate a spasm as a protective measure to stabilize the area and prevent further nerve compression, even if it causes discomfort.
Degenerative changes in spinal joints, such as osteoarthritis, or inflammatory conditions like ankylosing spondylitis, can contribute to upper back spasms. These conditions affect the spinal column’s structure and function, leading to instability or inflammation that can irritate surrounding muscles and nerves. Spinal stenosis, a narrowing of the spinal canal, can also put pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots. This compression can lead to pain, weakness, and muscle spasms.
Broader Health and Lifestyle Influences
Beyond direct physical strain, broader health and lifestyle factors can influence upper back muscle spasms. Psychological tension from stress and anxiety often leads to muscle guarding, where muscles remain chronically tensed. This sustained muscle tightness, especially in the upper back and neck, can predispose individuals to spasms as muscles fatigue. The body’s stress response includes releasing hormones that can increase muscle tension.
Nutritional deficiencies can also play a role in muscle function and spasm susceptibility. Electrolytes such as magnesium and potassium are crucial for proper muscle contraction and relaxation. An inadequate intake of these minerals can disrupt normal muscle physiology, potentially contributing to muscle cramps and spasms. Dehydration is another factor that can contribute to muscle cramping and spasms throughout the body, including the back. Sufficient fluid intake is necessary for proper cellular function and electrolyte balance.
Fibromyalgia, a chronic pain condition, is characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, tenderness, and fatigue. Individuals with fibromyalgia often experience muscle stiffness and spasms, including in the upper back. This condition affects how the brain processes pain signals, leading to heightened sensitivity and muscle reactions. While not a direct cause like a strain, fibromyalgia can exacerbate or increase the frequency of muscle spasms.
Knowing When to Consult a Doctor
While many upper back spasms resolve with rest and home care, certain symptoms warrant professional medical attention. Consult a doctor if spasms are severe, persistent, worsening, or do not improve after a few days of self-care. Medical evaluation is also recommended if spasms are accompanied by numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or legs, as these could indicate nerve involvement.
Urgent medical attention is necessary if upper back spasms are associated with bowel or bladder dysfunction, as this can signal a serious neurological issue. Similarly, if spasms occur after a significant injury or trauma, such as a fall or car accident, a doctor should assess the situation to rule out fractures or other serious damage. Other concerning symptoms include fever, unexplained weight loss, or systemic symptoms accompanying back pain, as these may suggest an underlying medical condition.