Tartar, also known as dental calculus, is a hard, mineralized deposit that forms on the surfaces of teeth. It is essentially plaque that has solidified, creating a rough, porous shield that bonds firmly to the tooth enamel and below the gumline. Unlike plaque, tartar cannot be removed through routine brushing or flossing at home. A dental professional must use specialized instruments to scrape away this hardened buildup during a routine cleaning. Understanding this progression reveals the mechanisms behind this persistent oral health issue.
The Essential Precursor: Plaque Formation
The process begins with dental plaque, a soft, sticky biofilm that constantly forms on the teeth. This film is composed of oral bacteria, salivary proteins, and residues from the foods and liquids consumed. Bacteria within this biofilm thrive on dietary sugars and starches. As these microorganisms metabolize carbohydrates, they release acids as byproducts, allowing the film to accumulate on the tooth surface. Plaque can be removed easily by brushing and flossing because it is still in its soft state.
The Chemical Transformation of Plaque into Tartar
If plaque is not thoroughly removed, mineralization (calcification) begins. Minerals naturally present in saliva, primarily calcium and phosphate ions, start to deposit into the bacterial matrix of the plaque. Saliva acts as the delivery system for these hardening agents. This is why tartar builds up most heavily near the salivary gland ducts, such as behind the lower front teeth and on the cheek side of the upper molars. This mineral saturation causes the soft biofilm to harden into tartar. The transformation can occur rapidly, often within 24 to 72 hours of the film being left undisturbed.
Lifestyle Factors That Accelerate Tartar Buildup
Several factors accelerate the speed and amount of calculus accumulation. The primary cause is insufficient or improper oral hygiene, where infrequent brushing and flossing allow plaque to remain long enough to mineralize. A diet high in simple carbohydrates and sugars provides the fuel source bacteria require to generate the acidic plaque film. Frequent snacking also contributes by constantly supplying food for the bacteria, preventing the mouth from neutralizing acid levels.
Smoking and the use of tobacco products increase susceptibility to tartar formation. Tobacco chemicals affect saliva production and increase bacterial retention, creating an ideal environment for calculus. Certain medical conditions or medications that cause dry mouth (xerostomia) also accelerate buildup. Reduced saliva flow means less fluid to wash away food particles and less natural buffering capacity to neutralize acids, leading to faster calcification.
The Dental Health Consequences of Tartar
Tartar is problematic because its rough, porous surface offers an ideal place for new plaque to attach and grow. This creates a cycle of accumulation that is highly detrimental to gum health. Tartar accumulation along the gumline leads to gingivitis, the earliest stage of gum disease marked by inflammation, redness, and bleeding.
If the buildup continues, bacteria and inflammation can progress into periodontitis. This is a more severe condition where the gums pull away from the tooth, creating deep, infected pockets. Periodontitis can lead to the destruction of the bone and connective tissue supporting the teeth, potentially resulting in tooth loss. The rough texture of tartar also protects acid-producing bacteria, contributing to enamel erosion and the formation of dental cavities.