Surfer’s ear, known medically as exostosis, is a condition involving the abnormal growth of bone within the ear canal. These benign bony growths develop slowly, gradually narrowing the ear canal and leading to various issues. Their formation is a physiological response to specific environmental factors.
The Body’s Response to Cold and Wind
Repeated exposure to cold water and wind acts as a chronic irritant to the delicate bone lining the ear canal. This environmental stress prompts a protective mechanism. The ear canal, lacking significant insulation, is particularly vulnerable to temperature fluctuations.
The body attempts to shield the eardrum and inner ear from these external elements. This defense response stimulates specialized bone-forming cells known as osteoblasts. These cells are responsible for synthesizing new bone tissue.
In typical bone remodeling, osteoblasts work in balance with osteoclasts, which are cells responsible for breaking down and reabsorbing old bone. However, the chronic irritation from cold and wind causes osteoblast activity to increase significantly. This elevated bone formation, outpacing the natural bone removal process by osteoclasts, leads to the gradual accumulation of new bone. This results in the characteristic bony lumps, or exostoses, that narrow the ear canal. This slow, progressive process often requires years of consistent cold-water exposure.
Identifying and Avoiding Surfer’s Ear
Symptoms of surfer’s ear typically become apparent as the ear canal narrows due to the bony growths. Common indicators include water becoming trapped in the ear after water activities, which can lead to a persistent sensation of fullness. This trapped water often contributes to recurrent ear infections, medically termed otitis externa, as it creates an environment conducive to bacterial growth.
Some individuals may experience muffled hearing or even conductive hearing loss. This occurs when the narrowed canal restricts sound transmission or when earwax and debris become impacted against the bony obstructions. Ear pain can also be a symptom, especially when cold water enters the affected ear.
To prevent the development or progression of surfer’s ear, protective measures are highly effective. Wearing earplugs specifically designed for water sports is a primary strategy, as they create a physical barrier that keeps cold water and wind out of the ear canal. Additionally, wetsuit hoods offer further protection by covering and insulating the ears from the cold elements. Minimizing prolonged exposure to cold, windy conditions whenever possible also helps to reduce the environmental triggers that contribute to this bone growth.