Seed warts are growths that typically form on the soles of the feet. These benign skin growths often appear on pressure-bearing areas, such as the balls or heels of the feet. They are a common skin concern caused by a viral infection. While generally not harmful, plantar warts can cause considerable discomfort or pain, particularly when standing or walking, as the pressure can force them to grow inward.
The Human Papillomavirus Connection
Seed warts are caused by infection with certain types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). This virus enters the outermost skin layer, the epidermis, through tiny cuts or breaks. Once inside, HPV prompts skin cells to multiply abnormally and rapidly, leading to the formation of the characteristic rough, grainy growth.
Specific HPV types are commonly associated with plantar warts, including HPV-1, HPV-2, HPV-4, HPV-27, HPV-57, and HPV-63, though HPV-1 and HPV-2 are considered primary culprits. Small, dark dots within the wart, often mistakenly called “seeds,” are actually tiny clotted blood vessels. These clotted capillaries become visible due to the wart’s growth and the pressure applied to the foot.
How The Virus Spreads
The human papillomavirus responsible for seed warts is contagious and spreads primarily through direct contact or contaminated surfaces. The virus thrives in warm, moist environments, making certain public areas common sites for transmission. Examples include walking barefoot in communal showers, locker rooms, or around swimming pools.
Transmission also occurs by sharing personal items like towels, socks, or shoes that have contacted the virus. For the virus to establish an infection, it typically needs a break in the skin, even a microscopic one, to gain entry into the body. Warts can also spread from one part of an individual’s body to another, such as by touching an existing wart and then touching another area of the skin.
Factors Increasing Susceptibility
While exposure to HPV is widespread, not everyone develops warts, as individual immune responses vary. Several factors can increase an individual’s susceptibility to developing seed warts after exposure. A weakened immune system, whether due to illness, certain medications, or compromised immunity, makes individuals more prone to infection and wart development.
Conditions compromising the skin barrier also play a role. Cuts, scrapes, or even excessive moisture and macerated skin from prolonged wetness can create entry points for the virus. Children and teenagers are often more susceptible to plantar warts, partly because their immune systems are still developing and they frequently participate in activities where exposure is common, such as public swimming and sports.