Nail peeling, medically known as onychoschizia or lamellar dystrophy, is a common condition where the layers of the nail plate separate. Nails are composed of keratin, a fibrous protein also found in hair, forming multiple tough layers that can peel, making them appear thin or weakened. Understanding the various factors that contribute to this phenomenon, which can be both external and internal, is important for effective management.
External Factors Leading to Peeling Nails
Frequent exposure to water is a significant external factor, as nails readily absorb water, causing them to swell. Upon drying, they contract, and this repeated swelling and shrinking puts considerable strain on the bonds between nail cells, leading to weakening and peeling. Prolonged water immersion, like from doing dishes without gloves, also strips natural oils and makes nails brittle.
Harsh chemicals found in cleaning products, certain soaps, and particularly acetone-based nail polish removers, can strip the natural oils from the nail plate. This chemical exposure dehydrates the nails, making them dry, brittle, and prone to peeling.
Physical trauma contributes to nail peeling through various actions, including impacts, picking at nail polish, or using nails as tools. Even seemingly minor activities like excessive typing or accidentally bending a nail can disrupt the cell-to-cell adhesion within the nail plate, causing layers to separate. Repetitive pressure from ill-fitting footwear can also lead to trauma in toenails.
Improper nail care practices also play a role in nail peeling. Aggressive buffing, especially in a back-and-forth motion, can thin the nail plate and make it more vulnerable. The application and removal of gel or acrylic nails can also cause damage, as the removal process often involves soaking in acetone and physical scraping, which can weaken the natural nail. A dry environment also exacerbates nail dryness, contributing to brittleness.
Internal Health and Peeling Nails
Nutritional deficiencies can manifest in nail health, as certain vitamins and minerals are important for strong nail growth. Low levels of iron, for example, are commonly associated with peeling or brittle nails, and can even lead to spoon-shaped nails (koilonychia). Biotin (Vitamin B7) is another nutrient important for keratin production, and its deficiency can result in brittle nails that are prone to breaking and peeling. Insufficient intake of zinc and Vitamin C can also compromise nail strength and repair processes.
As individuals age, nails naturally become more brittle and susceptible to peeling. This is often attributed to a decrease in moisture and natural oil production within the nail plate over time. Changes in blood circulation associated with aging can also impact nail health.
Underlying medical conditions can also cause peeling nails. Thyroid disorders, such as an underactive thyroid, can lead to dry skin and brittle nails. Anemia, particularly iron-deficiency anemia, is a well-documented cause of nail irregularities, including peeling. Psoriasis, an autoimmune condition, can affect nails by causing pitting, discoloration, and crumbling, which may present as peeling.
When to Consult a Professional
If nail peeling persists despite consistent home care, seek medical advice. Consulting a doctor or dermatologist is also important if the peeling is accompanied by other concerning symptoms.
These symptoms can include changes in nail color, unusual thickening, pain, or swelling around the nail. If the problem appears suddenly or worsens significantly without an obvious external cause, or if you suspect a nutritional deficiency or serious medical condition, consult a healthcare provider.
Maintaining Healthy Nails
Regular moisturizing helps prevent nail peeling by keeping the nail plate flexible and hydrated. Apply hand creams and cuticle oils, especially after hand washing or water exposure. Specialized nail strengtheners can also provide a protective layer.
Protect nails from environmental stressors. Wear cotton-lined rubber gloves for household chores, dishwashing, or when handling cleaning chemicals. This shields nails from excessive water absorption and harsh substances.
Gentle nail care practices prevent trauma. File nails in one direction, not back-and-forth, to minimize stress. Avoid aggressive pushing or cutting of cuticles to maintain the natural protective barrier. Use non-acetone nail polish removers.
A balanced diet, rich in various nutrients, supports overall nail health. Consume a variety of fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains for strong, resilient nails. Avoid using nails as tools, such as to open cans, to prevent physical trauma and layer separation.