Mango worms are a parasitic infestation caused by the larvae of a specific fly, primarily found in certain tropical regions. This condition, known as cutaneous myiasis, involves larvae burrowing into the skin of a host, including humans and animals. These infestations can lead to uncomfortable symptoms as the larvae develop within the skin. Understanding their origin and life cycle is important for effective prevention and management.
Understanding the Responsible Parasite
The organism responsible for mango worm infestations is Cordylobia anthropophaga, commonly known as the Tumbu fly, mango fly, or skin maggot fly. This species of blowfly is native to East, Central, and West Africa. Adult Tumbu flies typically inhabit warm, humid environments, often found in rural areas. They are most active during the morning and evening, resting in shady spots during the day.
The adult flies do not directly cause harm; their parasitic offspring, the larvae, are the problem. These larvae develop by feeding on a host’s tissues.
How Infestation Occurs
Infestation begins when adult female Tumbu flies lay their eggs, typically in batches of 100 to 300. These eggs are deposited on sandy soil, especially if contaminated with urine or feces, or on damp clothing and bedding left outdoors. The flies are attracted to items that smell of sweat, but even freshly washed clothes can be a target.
The eggs hatch into larvae within approximately one to three days. These newly hatched larvae can survive without a host for up to two weeks, waiting for an opportunity to find one.
When a host, such as a human or animal, contacts contaminated soil or clothing, the larvae quickly penetrate the unbroken skin. This penetration can occur painlessly within seconds. Once under the skin, the larvae feed on subcutaneous tissue and bodily fluids, developing through three larval stages over 8 to 12 days. The larvae create a boil-like lesion, which includes a small breathing hole to the surface.
Identifying an Infestation
Recognizing a mango worm infestation involves observing specific signs on the skin. A common indicator is the appearance of raised bumps or boil-like lesions. These lesions often begin as small red dots or pimples, gradually enlarging over several days to about one inch in size.
The affected area may experience itching, which can range from mild discomfort to intense and uncontrollable sensations. As the larvae grow, pain and discomfort can increase, and the movement of the larvae beneath the skin may sometimes be felt or even seen. A characteristic feature of these boil-like lesions is a small central opening, a “breathing hole,” through which the larva obtains air.
Prevention and Management
Preventing mango worm infestations involves minimizing exposure to areas where flies lay eggs. If living in or traveling to endemic regions, avoid direct contact with potentially contaminated soil, especially if it contains animal waste, and refrain from sitting or lying directly on the ground.
Laundry practices are a key preventive measure. Adult flies frequently lay eggs on damp clothing left to dry outdoors. To prevent larvae from burrowing into clothing, machine dry clothes whenever possible. If line-drying is necessary, all clothing should be thoroughly ironed with high heat before wearing, as the heat can effectively kill any eggs or larvae. For pets, regular checks for skin lesions and prompt veterinary attention are important.
For existing infestations, medical attention is recommended for safe removal of the larvae. Attempting self-removal can lead to complications such as incomplete extraction, rupture of the larva, or secondary bacterial infections. Healthcare professionals can apply petroleum jelly to the breathing hole to suffocate the larva, encouraging it to emerge. Alternatively, sterile removal techniques can safely extract the larva. Following removal, proper wound care and, if necessary, antibiotics can help prevent secondary infections.