Granulocytosis refers to an elevated count of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell, in the bloodstream. This condition indicates an underlying health issue rather than a standalone disease. Recognizing granulocytosis prompts further investigation to identify the root cause, which can range from common infections to more complex disorders.
What Granulocytes Are
Granulocytes are a category of white blood cells that play a direct role in the body’s immune defense. They are characterized by small granules within their cytoplasm, which contain enzymes and proteins that help fight infection and inflammation. Granulocytes are produced in the bone marrow before circulating in the blood.
There are three primary types of granulocytes, each with distinct functions. Neutrophils are the most abundant, making up 40% to 70% of all white blood cells, and primarily target bacterial infections by engulfing and destroying pathogens. Eosinophils are involved in combating parasitic infections and regulating allergic reactions, while basophils, the least common type, contribute to inflammatory responses and allergic reactions by releasing substances like histamine and heparin.
Causes of Elevated Granulocytes
An elevated granulocyte count signals an active immune response within the body. The specific type of granulocyte that is elevated provides clues about the underlying cause. For instance, neutrophilia, an increase in neutrophils, is observed with bacterial infections such as pneumonia or appendicitis, as well as acute inflammation from conditions like heart attacks or burns. Certain medications, including prednisone, and various forms of physical or emotional stress can also lead to increased neutrophil levels.
Eosinophilia is linked to allergic reactions, including asthma, hay fever, and drug allergies. Parasitic infections, particularly those caused by worms, are another frequent cause of eosinophilia. Less common causes include some autoimmune disorders and certain cancers.
Basophilia is associated with chronic inflammatory conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, and various autoimmune diseases. While less common, it can also be a sign of certain myeloproliferative neoplasms, which are conditions where the bone marrow produces too many blood cells, or some leukemias. Allergic reactions and some viral infections can also contribute to basophilia.
Identifying Granulocytosis
Granulocytosis is discovered through routine blood tests. The primary diagnostic tool is a complete blood count (CBC), which measures different types of blood cells, including white blood cells. A healthcare provider will look for an elevated overall white blood cell count, specifically noting an increase in granulocyte numbers. The normal range for total granulocytes falls between 1,500 and 8,500 cells per microliter of blood.
Symptoms associated with granulocytosis are related to the underlying condition rather than the high granulocyte count itself. For example, if a bacterial infection is the cause, symptoms like fever, headache, and fatigue may be present. Granulocytosis is often an incidental finding during blood work performed for other health concerns.
Addressing Granulocytosis
Granulocytosis is not treated directly; instead, management focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying cause of the elevated cell count. Once the root cause is determined, a specific treatment plan can be developed. For instance, bacterial infections causing elevated granulocytes are treated with antibiotics.
If allergies are the reason for increased granulocytes, antihistamines or other allergy management strategies may be employed. For inflammatory or autoimmune conditions, medications designed to reduce inflammation or modulate the immune system might be prescribed. Consulting a healthcare professional is important for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the underlying condition.