Croup is a respiratory infection that causes swelling in the voice box and windpipe, leading to a distinctive cough and noisy breathing. While often associated with young children, adults can also contract croup, though it is a less common occurrence. When adults do experience croup, it typically results from a viral infection affecting the upper airways.
Viral Origins
Croup is caused by viral infections that inflame the larynx and trachea. Parainfluenza viruses, particularly types 1 and 2, are the most frequent culprits, accounting for most cases. These viruses, along with others like respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A and B, and adenovirus, spread through respiratory droplets.
Once inhaled, these viruses infect the upper respiratory tract, leading to an inflammatory response. This inflammation causes swelling in the vocal cords and the area below them. The narrowing of the airway produces the characteristic barking cough and a high-pitched sound during inhalation called stridor.
Factors Increasing Susceptibility
While anyone can be exposed to the viruses that cause croup, certain factors can increase an adult’s susceptibility to croup. Individuals with weakened immune systems may be more prone to contracting croup. A compromised immune response makes it harder for the body to fight off viruses.
Underlying respiratory conditions can also increase the risk. Adults with conditions like asthma or chronic bronchitis may find their airways are already more sensitive or reactive, making them more vulnerable to these viruses. These conditions can lead to more noticeable symptoms if they contract a croup virus.
Distinguishing Adult Croup
Adult croup differs significantly from its presentation in children, primarily due to anatomical distinctions. Adults possess larger and more developed windpipes, which are less likely to become severely obstructed by the same level of inflammation that would gravely affect a child’s narrower airway. This physiological difference explains why croup is rare in adults and why symptoms are often milder.
While a barking cough and stridor can still occur in adults, these symptoms may be less dramatic or severe compared to the classic pediatric “seal bark” cough. Adult croup symptoms can sometimes resemble laryngitis, characterized more by hoarseness and a persistent cough rather than significant breathing difficulties. Despite being less common, adult croup may require more aggressive treatment.
When to Consult a Doctor
Seeking medical attention is advisable for adults experiencing croup-like symptoms, especially if there are signs of worsening respiratory distress. Prompt evaluation is recommended if breathing becomes difficult or labored. This includes observing for severe shortness of breath or a high-pitched, noisy breathing sound at rest, known as stridor.
Other warning signs that necessitate immediate medical consultation include bluish discoloration of the skin or lips, or any signs of confusion or unusual drowsiness. These symptoms suggest a more severe airway obstruction that requires urgent medical intervention.