Cervical cysts are common, non-cancerous sacs that form on the surface of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus connecting to the vagina. These mucus-filled growths are usually harmless and often present without noticeable symptoms. They are frequently discovered incidentally during routine gynecological examinations, such as a pelvic exam or Pap test.
Understanding Nabothian Cysts
Nabothian cysts are the most frequently encountered type of cervical cyst. Their formation occurs when mucus-producing glands lining the endocervical canal become blocked. An overgrowth of squamous epithelial cells, which are skin-like cells from the outer part of the cervix, can cover these glands. This traps mucus inside, leading to its accumulation and the development of a cyst.
This blockage often results from natural processes or minor changes in cervical tissue. For instance, during childbirth, new tissue may grow over the glands, or chronic inflammation (cervicitis) can lead to this cellular overgrowth. Minor trauma to the cervix and subsequent healing can similarly cause skin cells to cover and plug the glands. These cysts are common, particularly in individuals of childbearing age or after pregnancy, and are considered benign. They can range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters, appearing as small, smooth bumps on the cervical surface.
Less Common Cervical Cysts and Their Causes
Beyond Nabothian cysts, other less common types of cervical cysts exist, each with distinct origins. Inclusion cysts, for example, can form when surface tissue becomes trapped beneath the skin due to trauma, such as a laceration or surgical repair, where viable epithelial tissue is inadvertently embedded below the surface.
Another type includes mesonephric cysts, which arise from remnants of the mesonephric ducts. These ducts are embryonic structures present during fetal development that typically regress. However, if portions persist into adulthood, they can form benign cysts within the cervix. These cysts are developmental in origin, differentiating their cause from the acquired nature of Nabothian cysts.
When to Consult a Healthcare Professional
While most cervical cysts are harmless and do not require treatment, certain symptoms warrant evaluation by a healthcare professional. Seek medical advice if you experience unusual vaginal discharge, especially if persistent or odorous. Pelvic pain or discomfort, particularly during sexual intercourse, should also be discussed with a doctor.
Additionally, any bleeding between menstrual periods or bleeding after intercourse necessitates a medical consultation. Though these symptoms are not always indicative of a cyst and can be caused by various other conditions, a professional diagnosis is important to rule out underlying issues or address significant discomfort.