Bone spurs, also known as exostoses or tori, are benign bony growths that can form in the mouth. These typically harmless growths are a common finding during routine dental examinations.
What Are Oral Bone Spurs?
Oral bone spurs are solid, non-mobile bony protrusions covered by the gum tissue. They can appear smooth or lobulated, varying in size from small bumps to larger, more noticeable formations. These growths are generally painless unless irritated or traumatized.
The most common types of oral bone spurs are torus palatinus and torus mandibularis. A torus palatinus is a bony elevation found along the midline of the hard palate, or roof of the mouth. Torus mandibularis refers to bony growths located on the inner surface of the lower jaw, near the premolars and under the tongue. Less common are buccal exostoses, which are bony prominences on the cheek-side surface of the upper or lower jaw.
Composed of mature bone, these formations are not cancerous and do not indicate a risk of cancer. They are considered a normal structural variant rather than a disease.
Factors Contributing to Their Development
The development of oral bone spurs is often attributed to a combination of factors. Genetic predisposition plays a significant role, as these growths tend to run in families.
Chronic irritation or stress on the bone can also stimulate their growth. Habits such as teeth grinding (bruxism) and clenching exert excessive forces on the jawbone, which can lead to the formation or enlargement of bone spurs. Malocclusion, or a “bad bite,” where teeth do not align properly, can also contribute by creating uneven pressure distribution and tension on the jaw joints.
Dental procedures can also be associated with localized bone remodeling. Following tooth extractions, small bone fragments (spicules) can sometimes protrude through the gum tissue during healing. Dental implant placement, which involves surgical manipulation of the jawbone, can also lead to bone spur formation as the surrounding bone and gums heal. Chronic inflammation in the gum tissue, such as from periodontal disease, might also play a role.
When to Seek Dental Advice
While most oral bone spurs are harmless and do not require treatment, there are situations where consulting a dental professional is advisable. A dental visit is warranted if the bone spur causes pain, interferes with eating or speaking, or affects the proper fit of dentures or other dental appliances. If the overlying gum tissue becomes thin and prone to ulceration due to trauma from food or brushing, or if there is rapid growth or a change in the appearance of the spur, it is important to seek an evaluation.
A dentist can diagnose a bone spur through a visual examination and palpation. In some cases, X-rays or CT scans may be used to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions. Most bone spurs do not require intervention, and observation is often sufficient. However, if they cause significant problems, surgical removal is an option. This procedure usually involves local anesthesia to remove the excess bone, and patients can often resume normal activities within a few days.