Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the rectum or anus that cause discomfort. These distended blood vessels can sometimes rupture, known as a “bursting hemorrhoid.” This article explains what causes a hemorrhoid to burst and what to do if it happens.
What Hemorrhoids Are
Hemorrhoids are cushions of blood vessels, connective tissue, and muscle within the anal canal. They play a role in stool control, but when inflamed or distended, they can cause symptoms such as itching, pain, and bleeding. These swollen veins are categorized based on their location relative to the dentate line, an anatomical landmark.
Internal hemorrhoids form above the dentate line and are typically covered by mucosa, which is less sensitive to pain. They often present with painless bleeding during bowel movements or can prolapse, meaning they protrude outside the anus. External hemorrhoids, conversely, develop below the dentate line and are covered by skin, which contains many pain-sensing nerves. These external forms are usually more painful and are visible as lumps around the anal opening.
Factors Leading to a Burst
A hemorrhoid bursts due to a significant increase in hydrostatic pressure within the affected vein. Prolonged straining during defecation, often due to chronic constipation, is a common culprit as it elevates intra-abdominal pressure, directly impacting the anal cushions. Similarly, engaging in heavy lifting or spending extended periods sitting can also contribute to pressure buildup, stretching vascular walls.
Thrombosed hemorrhoids are particularly susceptible to bursting because they contain a blood clot inside the vein. This internal clot exerts considerable pressure against the distended and thinned vein wall. As the clot continues to expand or the surrounding tissue experiences further pressure, the weakened vessel wall can tear, leading to the release of blood and the clot itself. This process often results in sudden pain relief, as the pressure within the thrombosed vein is alleviated upon rupture.
Repeated episodes of swelling and distension can progressively weaken vein walls over time. The constant stretching and thinning of the vascular tissue make the hemorrhoid fragile and less resilient. Even moderate pressure increases can rupture a compromised hemorrhoid. This structural weakening predisposes the hemorrhoid to burst, especially when combined with acute pressure events.
Immediate Steps and Recovery
When a hemorrhoid bursts, individuals typically feel immediate pressure relief, followed by sudden bleeding. Bleeding can range from a few drops to a significant flow, sometimes with a dark, jelly-like blood clot. This discharge is normal, indicating the release of accumulated blood and pressure.
After a burst hemorrhoid, gently clean the anal area with warm water and mild soap to help prevent infection. Apply a cold compress or ice pack wrapped in a cloth to the affected area to reduce swelling and discomfort. Over-the-counter pain relievers can manage any lingering pain.
Seek medical attention if bleeding is excessive, if it soaks through multiple pads quickly, or if it does not subside after several minutes. Signs of infection, such as increasing pain, redness, warmth, pus discharge, or fever, warrant immediate medical consultation. A healthcare professional can confirm the diagnosis, rule out other conditions, and guide treatment for proper healing and to prevent complications.