Labor is an intense physical process demanding significant energy. Historically, eating and drinking during labor were often restricted, but current medical understanding supports light intake for many individuals. This shift aims to support the laboring person’s energy needs and comfort. This article guides appropriate nutritional choices during labor.
The Evolving Approach to Eating During Labor
For many decades, a strict “nil per os” (NPO), or nothing by mouth, policy was standard practice during labor. This policy originated largely from a 1946 study by Curtis Mendelson, which highlighted the risk of pulmonary aspiration, especially if general anesthesia was required for delivery. Aspiration could lead to severe lung complications like pneumonia and, in rare cases, death. The concern was amplified because gastric emptying can slow significantly during labor, and the growing uterus can mechanically displace the stomach, increasing aspiration risk.
Over time, advancements in medical practice, particularly in anesthesia techniques, have significantly reduced the risks associated with general anesthesia during childbirth. Regional anesthesia, such as epidurals, is now widely used, carrying a much lower aspiration risk than general anesthesia. This evolution in safety prompted a re-evaluation of the NPO policy. Medical organizations, including the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), have relaxed restrictions, generally allowing clear liquids during labor.
While some guidelines still advise against solid food during active labor, the evidence supporting this restriction is under review. Studies indicate that consuming light meals during labor for low-risk individuals does not increase adverse outcomes, such as longer labor or increased vomiting. Allowing oral intake can enhance comfort and satisfaction for the laboring person. The World Health Organization recommends healthcare providers not interfere with eating and drinking for individuals without risk factors.
Recommended Foods and Beverages
Selecting appropriate foods and beverages during labor focuses on providing easily digestible energy and maintaining hydration. Clear liquids are widely accepted and encouraged, as they prevent dehydration and provide caloric support. Examples include water, diluted fruit juices, and popsicles. These options are quickly absorbed and less likely to cause stomach upset.
Beyond clear liquids, some guidelines allow for light, easily digestible snacks, particularly in early labor. Suitable options include toast, crackers, and honey sticks, which offer readily available carbohydrates for energy. Clear broths also provide hydration and electrolytes without being heavy. These choices sustain energy without burdening the digestive system, which slows during labor.
Consuming carbohydrate-rich fluids or snacks helps prevent ketosis, a condition where the body starts breaking down fats for energy due to prolonged fasting. Ketosis can lead to discomfort and is not ideal during labor. Sports drinks with carbohydrates and electrolytes are beneficial, offering both energy and hydration while minimizing gastric volume.
Foods and Beverages to Avoid
While light intake is often permitted, certain foods and beverages should be avoided during labor to minimize discomfort and complications. High-fat, greasy, or heavy foods are not recommended. This includes fried foods, large meat portions, and rich meals, as they take longer to digest and can sit heavily in the stomach. Slow digestion increases the likelihood of nausea, vomiting, or gastrointestinal distress, which is unpleasant during contractions.
Spicy foods are best avoided, as they irritate the digestive system and can lead to heartburn or stomach upset. Dairy products may cause gas or bloating for some, making them less suitable. Carbonated drinks, while hydrating, introduce excess gas, leading to uncomfortable bloating and distension.
If general anesthesia becomes necessary, solid foods pose a greater aspiration risk than liquids. Therefore, even if light solids are allowed in early labor, medical professionals advise against them as labor progresses or if an urgent procedure is likely. Prioritizing easily digestible liquids mitigates this concern.
Important Considerations for Eating During Labor
Recommendations for eating and drinking during labor are not universal and depend heavily on individual circumstances. Each person’s labor progression, medical history, and specific risk factors (like gestational diabetes or complications) influence what is safe. What is appropriate for one may not be for another. Therefore, any nutritional choices should be part of an individualized care plan.
Hospital and birth center policies regarding oral intake can vary significantly, even within the same region. It is important to discuss these policies with the healthcare team early in the labor process. Open communication with your doctor or midwife is important to ensure food or drink aligns with facility guidelines and your medical needs.
Tolerance for food and fluids often changes as labor progresses. Many individuals find they can manage light snacks and clear liquids in early labor but lose their appetite or experience nausea as contractions become more intense during active or transition phases. It is crucial to listen to your body and stop eating or drinking if any discomfort, nausea, or vomiting occurs. Always consult with your healthcare provider about your eating plans to ensure your comfort and safety throughout labor.