Hypoglycemia is the term for low blood sugar, defined as a glucose level below 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) for most individuals with diabetes. Glucose is the primary fuel source for the brain, and when levels drop too low, symptoms like shakiness, confusion, sweating, or a fast heartbeat can occur. This guide focuses on immediate, temporary dietary relief to restore blood glucose to a safe range, but it is important to consult a healthcare provider for ongoing management of blood sugar levels.
Immediate Glucose Boost
When blood sugar is low, the immediate goal is to consume 15 grams of a fast-acting carbohydrate. This specific amount of simple sugar is designed to be absorbed quickly to counteract the drop. Foods containing significant fat, protein, or fiber should be avoided because these nutrients slow down the digestion and absorption of sugar.
The most efficient source of pure glucose is glucose tablets or gel, as they are measured precisely for treatment. Other effective options provide a similar 15-gram dose:
- Four ounces (half a cup) of fruit juice or regular soda (not diet).
- One tablespoon of granulated sugar, honey, or corn syrup.
- A specific number of hard candies, jelly beans, or gumdrops, based on the product’s nutrition label.
Simple sugars work rapidly because they require minimal digestion before entering the bloodstream. Avoiding fat and protein allows the body to quickly process the sugar, leading to a rise in blood glucose typically within minutes. The focus remains solely on the simple carbohydrate to provide the necessary fuel to the body and brain during this acute episode.
The 15-15 Rule and Rechecking
The treatment protocol for mild to moderate hypoglycemia is standardized as the “15-15 Rule.” This involves consuming 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrate and waiting 15 minutes. This waiting period allows the simple sugar to be fully absorbed and begin raising the blood glucose level.
After 15 minutes, the blood sugar level must be checked again with a glucose meter. If the reading is still below 70 mg/dL, the entire process must be repeated by consuming another 15 grams of carbohydrate. Repeating the cycle ensures the blood sugar rises to a safe range without causing an overshoot into hyperglycemia, which is a common risk when over-treating.
This structured approach prevents overconsumption of sugar, which can lead to high blood sugar levels later. If a person is experiencing symptoms but is unable to check their blood sugar, they should proceed with the treatment as if their blood sugar is low. This precautionary measure ensures the immediate danger of hypoglycemia is addressed.
Sustaining Normal Blood Sugar Levels
Once the blood sugar level is confirmed to be above 70 mg/dL, the next action is to consume a follow-up snack or meal. This step stabilizes the blood sugar and prevents it from dropping again shortly after the initial treatment. The goal is to introduce both complex carbohydrates and a source of protein or fat.
Unlike the immediate treatment, the complex carbohydrates and protein or fat in the follow-up snack are beneficial because they are digested slowly. This slower digestion provides a sustained release of glucose into the bloodstream over a longer period. Appropriate stabilizing snacks include a slice of whole-wheat bread with peanut butter or crackers with cheese.
If a full meal is scheduled within the hour after stabilization, the follow-up snack may be skipped. If the next meal is more than an hour away, the stabilizing snack is recommended to maintain the corrected blood sugar level. If symptoms of hypoglycemia persist despite treatment, or if the person loses consciousness, emergency medical services should be contacted immediately.