Human breast milk (HBM) is a complex biological fluid recognized globally as the optimal food source for human infants. Its composition is intricately matched to support the rapid development of a newborn’s brain, gut, and immune system during the first months of life. Despite its clear purpose, public interest has grown regarding the consumption and use of HBM by adults. This curiosity is fueled by online claims promoting it as a superfood or a natural remedy for various adult conditions. This prompts an objective look at what HBM can and cannot provide outside of its intended context.
The Nutritional Profile for Adult Diets
The macronutrient composition of human breast milk is specifically designed for the rapid growth and development of an infant, not for adult maintenance or muscle building. Mature HBM contains a low protein concentration, typically 0.8% to 0.9% (about 9 grams per liter). This is significantly lower than the protein content found in standard cow’s milk, which contains 3.3% to 3.5% protein (about 34 grams per liter).
The primary carbohydrate in HBM is lactose, present in high concentrations (roughly 6.9% to 7.2%). This high lactose load provides energy easily metabolized by infants but may cause digestive issues for adults with lactose intolerance. HBM provides a much lower yield of muscle-building protein compared to common dairy or plant-based alternatives. The milk is optimized for the growth rate of a human baby, which requires a lower protein intake to avoid taxing the developing kidneys.
Health Claims Regarding Adult Consumption
Adult interest in consuming human breast milk often centers on claims that it acts as an immune booster or a treatment for chronic disease. These claims are linked to components like antibodies (specifically secretory IgA) and the iron-binding protein lactoferrin, which protect infant gut health. However, there is no clinical evidence to support these benefits for adults.
The immune factors in HBM are tailored to the infant’s immature digestive system and protect the gut’s mucous membranes. When an adult consumes HBM, these complex biological components are broken down by the mature, highly acidic adult digestive system. They cannot be absorbed in an active form to provide systemic benefits. The suggested use of HBM for treating serious conditions such as cancer or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is based only on preliminary, cellular-level research involving isolated components in a lab setting.
The idea that HBM is a superior supplement for bodybuilding or fitness also lacks scientific backing. While it is nutrient-dense, its low protein-to-calorie ratio makes it inefficient for muscle synthesis compared to conventional protein powders or supplements. Experts warn that the perceived benefits experienced by adults consuming HBM often amount to a placebo effect. Drinking the milk does not deliver the concentrated, therapeutic effects observed in experiments involving specific, isolated components.
External and Topical Applications
Beyond ingestion, human breast milk has been explored for non-dietary applications, particularly related to skin care and minor wound healing. The milk contains bioactive agents, including immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and antioxidants, which contribute to its mild antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties have led to its use as a traditional topical treatment.
Common external applications involve using HBM to soothe and treat minor skin irritations such as acne, eczema, and minor abrasions. Studies, although primarily focused on infants, have shown that topical application of HBM can be as effective as mild hydrocortisone cream in improving symptoms of atopic dermatitis and diaper rash. The milk’s fat content also provides a moisturizing effect, which helps repair the skin barrier.
The moisturizing and anti-inflammatory effects of HBM are leveraged to treat chapped or irritated skin in adults, including the nipple area for nursing individuals. It is also suggested for treating minor eye irritations, based on its use for blocked tear ducts in infants. These external uses rely on the milk’s local antimicrobial and healing compounds, bypassing the issues of adult digestion.
Safety and Sourcing Concerns
The greatest danger associated with adult consumption of human breast milk comes from acquiring it through informal sharing networks, such as online marketplaces. Unlike milk from regulated human milk banks, which is rigorously screened and pasteurized, milk bought online is unregulated and poses significant health risks. HBM is a bodily fluid that can transmit infectious diseases if the donor has not been properly screened.
Pathogens that can be transmitted through unscreened breast milk include:
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- Hepatitis B and C
- Syphilis
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Furthermore, a lack of proper hygiene during expression, storage, and transport can lead to bacterial contamination. Studies have found high levels of detectable bacteria, including harmful gram-negative bacteria, in a large percentage of raw human milk samples purchased online.
The milk can also be contaminated with prescription drugs, alcohol, or environmental toxins that the donor has consumed, as there is no regulatory oversight for these informal transactions. Since the sale of human milk for adult consumption is not regulated, the safety and quality of the product cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, its consumption by adults is not supported by scientific evidence and carries serious, avoidable safety risks.