A coyote is not a breed, but a distinct species of wild canine. The term “breed” applies to domesticated animals, referring to specific groups developed by humans through selective breeding to possess desired characteristics. In contrast, “species” denotes a naturally occurring group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Coyotes: A Distinct Species
A species is a fundamental biological classification for a group of organisms that can naturally reproduce with one another and create viable, fertile offspring. This ability ensures the continuation of their unique genetic characteristics across generations. Breeds, on the other hand, represent variations within a single domesticated species, often developed by humans through intentional selection for specific traits like appearance or behavior. For instance, all dog breeds, from Chihuahuas to Great Danes, belong to the same species, Canis familiaris, a subspecies of the gray wolf.
Coyotes, scientifically known as Canis latrans, are a naturally occurring wild species within the Canis genus, having evolved without human intervention. There are currently 19 recognized subspecies of coyotes, each adapted to its specific regional environment.
Coyotes Compared to Wolves and Domestic Dogs
Coyotes are often mistaken for wolves or domestic dogs due to their shared lineage within the Canis genus, but they possess distinct physical and behavioral traits. Physically, coyotes are generally smaller and more slender than wolves. An adult coyote typically weighs between 7 and 23 kilograms (15 to 50 pounds) and measures about 1.0 to 1.35 meters (3.3 to 4.5 feet) in total length, including their tail. They have narrower muzzles, larger ears in proportion to their heads, and a thinner body frame compared to the more robust, blocky build of a wolf. When moving, coyotes characteristically hold their bushy tails downwards, unlike wolves who carry their tails straight out or dogs who may carry them upwards.
Behaviorally, coyotes are known for their adaptability and opportunistic nature. While they can live in small family groups, they are often observed as solitary individuals or in pairs, especially when hunting smaller prey. Their vocalizations are diverse, including characteristic howls, yips, barks, and whines, which serve various communication purposes, such as locating pack members or marking territory. Wolves, by contrast, are typically pack hunters of larger prey and exhibit more complex social structures. Domestic dogs, having been selectively bred by humans, display a vast array of behaviors influenced by their specific breeds and human interaction, relying on humans for survival.
Despite being distinct species, coyotes, wolves, and domestic dogs can interbreed, producing fertile hybrid offspring. This hybridization is particularly noted in eastern North America, where coyotes have interbred with both eastern wolves and domestic dogs, resulting in what are sometimes colloquially called “coywolves” or “coydogs.” Genetic studies indicate that this interbreeding has contributed to the eastern coyote’s larger body size and expanded range, enabling them to adapt to new environments and prey more effectively.
Coyote Habitats and Range
Coyotes are highly adaptable creatures, a trait that has allowed them to significantly expand their geographic range across North and Central America. Originally found primarily in the arid plains and southwestern regions, their distribution now extends from Alaska in the north, through Canada, the United States, and Mexico, reaching as far south as Panama. Coyotes inhabit a variety of ecosystems, including forests, grasslands, deserts, and mountains. They have also successfully adapted to human-modified landscapes, frequently inhabiting suburban and urban areas where they can find food and shelter.