Great Smoky Mountains National Park is home to a diverse array of plants and animals, covering over 800 square miles across Tennessee and North Carolina. The park’s varied elevations, abundant rainfall, and significant old-growth forests contribute to its rich biodiversity, making it one of the most biologically diverse parks. Over 19,000 species have been documented, with scientists estimating tens of thousands more may reside within its boundaries. This natural richness draws millions of visitors annually, many of whom hope to catch a glimpse of the park’s most iconic large mammal resident.
The Sole Resident Bear
The only bear species inhabiting the Great Smoky Mountains National Park is the American Black Bear (Ursus americanus). These bears are found throughout all elevations of the park. Biologists estimate a population of approximately 1,900 bears within the park, equating to a density of about two bears per square mile.
While their name suggests a single color, American Black Bears in the Smokies are predominantly black, though the species can exhibit brown, cinnamon, or even blonde fur in other regions. Adult males weigh around 250 pounds during summer, while females are smaller, weighing just over 100 pounds. Bears can double their weight by fall as they prepare for winter, with some individuals documented over 600 pounds. They can reach lengths of about six feet and stand up to three feet high at the shoulder.
Understanding Their Behavior
American Black Bears are omnivores, adapting their diet to what is seasonally available. In spring, after emerging from their dens, they consume tender vegetation, insects, and carrion. Summer brings an abundance of berries like raspberries, blueberries, and blackberries, along with nuts, insects, and occasionally small animals or fish. As fall approaches, bears enter a period of intense feeding, known as hyperphagia, where they may eat for up to 20 hours a day to build fat reserves for winter, consuming high-calorie nuts and fruits.
These bears have a highly developed sense of smell, about seven times more sensitive than a domestic dog’s. Their hearing is also acute, serving as a key defense against danger. Black bears are shy and reclusive, preferring to avoid human interaction. While they are most active during early morning and late evening hours in spring and summer, some bears near human activity may become more nocturnal to avoid people. They are excellent climbers, ascending trees for safety or to forage.
Safe Encounters in the Park
Encountering a bear in Great Smoky Mountains National Park requires adherence to specific safety guidelines to protect both visitors and wildlife. It is illegal to approach a bear within 50 yards (150 feet) or any distance that alters its natural behavior. If a bear changes its activity, such as stopping feeding or changing direction, it indicates you are too close. Visitors should use binoculars or telephoto lenses for viewing to maintain a safe distance.
Proper food storage is important, as bears are attracted to human food and garbage. All food, trash, and scented items should be stored in bear-resistant containers or hung from cables provided at backcountry campsites. The park emphasizes that “a fed bear is a dead bear,” meaning bears accustomed to human food may lose their natural fear, become unpredictable, and often must be euthanized for public safety. If a bear approaches, it is important to stand your ground, make yourself appear large, speak loudly, and slowly back away without running, as running can trigger a chase response.