A coal power plant operates as a thermal power station, generating electricity by burning coal. This method has historically served as a significant energy source globally, including in the United States.
Environmental Consequences
Coal power plants release pollutants into the atmosphere and water systems. The burning of coal produces amounts of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide, which is a major contributor to climate change. Additionally, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are emitted, leading to acid rain and smog formation. SO2 combines with other atmospheric molecules to form small, acidic particulates, while NOx contributes to ground-level ozone and can overload water bodies with nutrients, causing algal blooms. Particulate matter, tiny airborne particles including soot and dust, is also released, reducing air quality and visibility.
Beyond atmospheric concerns, coal power plants significantly impact water quality. They discharge heated water, known as thermal pollution, which can disrupt aquatic ecosystems. The combustion of coal also generates vast quantities of coal ash, a solid waste byproduct containing toxic heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, mercury, chromium, and cadmium. This coal ash is often stored in large ponds or landfills, where these hazardous substances can leach into groundwater and surface water, contaminating drinking water supplies and harming aquatic life.
Health Impacts
The emissions from coal power plants have profound adverse effects on human health. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides are linked to respiratory conditions. Exposure to these pollutants can trigger asthma attacks, worsen existing respiratory illnesses, and contribute to chronic conditions like bronchitis and emphysema.
Air pollution from coal plants is also associated with cardiovascular problems. Particulate matter, including PM2.5 from coal, increases the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and other circulatory diseases. Studies indicate that PM2.5 from coal is particularly harmful, with a mortality risk more than double that from other sources of PM2.5.
Mercury emissions from coal power plants, the largest human-caused source, pose a severe neurological threat. Mercury is a potent neurotoxin, especially dangerous for developing fetuses and children, potentially leading to learning disabilities, developmental delays, and other neurological deficits. Chronic exposure to coal ash pollutants through contaminated water can further lead to neurological disorders. Moreover, there is a documented link between reliance on coal-fired power plants and an increased risk of lung cancer, along with other systemic health issues.