Tonsils are small masses of tissue located in the throat. They serve as an early line of defense within the immune system.
Location and Structure of Tonsils
The palatine tonsils are located at the back of the throat. They are situated between two arches in the mouth, the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch. These structures are typically visible as flesh-colored or pinkish lumps.
Healthy tonsils are generally oval-shaped and can vary in size, measuring up to 2.5 cm in length, 2.0 cm in width, and 1.2 cm in thickness in adults. Their surface is irregular, featuring small pockets or pits called crypts, which increase their surface area. The tonsils are part of a larger collection of lymphoid tissues known as Waldeyer’s ring, which also includes the adenoids and lingual tonsils.
How Tonsils Contribute to Immunity
Tonsils serve as an early line of defense within the immune system, positioned strategically at the entrance of the respiratory and digestive tracts. They actively trap pathogens that enter the body through the mouth and nose. This filtering action prevents these foreign invaders from spreading further into the body.
The tonsils contain various immune cells, including B cells and T cells, which are essential for mounting an immune response. Upon encountering pathogens, these cells become activated and produce antibodies that help neutralize harmful substances. The tonsils also “sample” antigens, which are unique markers on pathogens, helping the body develop a memory of these threats and build immunity. This role is particularly important in early childhood, as tonsils contribute to the development of a robust immune system.
Adapting After Tonsil Removal
Tonsils are sometimes removed through a surgical procedure called a tonsillectomy, often due to recurrent infections, chronic inflammation, or breathing difficulties like sleep apnea. Frequent tonsillitis, defined as multiple episodes within a year or over several years, is a common reason for this procedure. Enlarged tonsils can also obstruct airways, particularly in children, leading to snoring or pauses in breathing during sleep.
While tonsils play a role in immunity, the body possesses other lymphatic tissues and immune mechanisms that can compensate for their absence. The immune system generally remains robust after tonsil removal, as other parts of the lymphatic system, such as lymph nodes and the spleen, continue to fight infections. Although some studies show temporary decreases in certain antibody levels immediately following tonsillectomy, these levels often return to normal ranges. The body’s ability to adapt ensures overall immune function is not significantly compromised in the long term.