The insects commonly known as “little bugs with pincers” are earwigs, members of the insect order Dermaptera. Their distinctive, forceps-like appendages are instantly recognizable. This creature has contributed to a persistent and unfounded folklore surrounding it. Understanding their true nature and biology reveals that they are far less threatening than their appearance suggests.
Identifying the Cerci and Anatomy
The defining characteristic of the earwig is the pair of prominent “pincers” located at the end of its abdomen, known as cerci. These cerci are hard, unsegmented structures used for defense, capturing prey, and assisting in the folding of their wings.
The shape of the cerci differentiates the sexes. Male earwigs have cerci that are strongly curved and more robust, often resembling a pair of tongs. Female cerci are straighter and closer together, tapering to a point. The earwig’s body is elongated and flattened, allowing it to fit into tight crevices. Most species range from one-quarter of an inch to an inch in length and appear dark reddish-brown or black.
Habitat, Diet, and Behavioral Patterns
Earwigs are primarily nocturnal, emerging from their hiding spots to forage at night. During the day, these insects seek out dark, cool, and damp environments. Ideal outdoor habitats include areas beneath mulch, leaf litter, stones, logs, and dense vegetation near the soil surface.
Their diet is varied, consisting of a wide array of dead and decaying organic matter. They will also feed on soft plant tissue, flowers, and ripe fruits, and they prey on small insects like aphids. Earwigs may seek refuge inside homes, particularly in bathrooms, kitchens, and basements, when outdoor conditions become too dry or hot, as they are constantly seeking moisture.
Dispelling Safety Concerns and Folklore
The name “earwig” has perpetuated an ancient myth that these insects intentionally crawl into the ears of sleeping people and bore into the brain. This belief is entirely unfounded, as earwigs have no biological inclination to seek out human ears. While technically any small insect could accidentally enter an ear canal, earwigs do not target humans, nor do they lay eggs inside the body.
The cerci, though intimidating in appearance, are not venomous and pose little threat to people. They are capable of delivering a mild pinch if an earwig is roughly handled or trapped against the skin, but this action is purely defensive and rarely breaks the skin. Earwigs are not known to transmit diseases to humans or pets. They are overwhelmingly considered a nuisance pest rather than a danger.
Practical Strategies for Management
Managing earwig populations begins with modifying the environment to remove the conditions that attract them. This involves reducing available moisture and shelter. Homeowners should clear away excessive organic debris, such as leaf piles, grass clippings, and ground-level wood, particularly near the foundation of the home. Fixing leaky outdoor faucets and ensuring that rain gutters drain water away from the house are effective steps to eliminate damp areas.
Trapping methods can effectively reduce local numbers without the use of insecticides. A damp, rolled-up newspaper or corrugated cardboard placed in the garden overnight serves as an attractive hiding spot. The earwigs will seek shelter inside the damp material by morning, allowing them to be collected and disposed of away from the area. Another common method involves using shallow containers filled with vegetable oil and a drop of bacon grease or soy sauce, which serves as a bait and a drowning trap.
To prevent indoor entry, seal all visible cracks, gaps, and entry points in the foundation, around window frames, and under doors. Adjusting outdoor lighting can also help, as earwigs are attracted to light sources at night. Applying a thin layer of diatomaceous earth around the home’s perimeter works by scratching the insect’s protective exoskeleton, leading to dehydration.