Bleeding is the loss of blood from the circulatory system, which includes blood vessels and the heart. It can occur internally, where blood leaks within the body, or externally, when blood exits through a break in the skin or a natural opening. Injuries are a common cause, from minor scrapes to severe wounds. Understanding the distinct types of bleeding helps in recognizing injury severity and determining the appropriate response.
Understanding Bleeding Types
The human body contains a vast network of blood vessels. Damage to different types of these vessels results in distinct forms of bleeding, each with unique characteristics related to blood color and flow.
Capillary bleeding originates from capillaries, the smallest blood vessels that form a network connecting arteries and veins. This type of bleeding is the most common and typically results from minor scrapes, abrasions, or shallow cuts. Blood from capillaries usually appears as a slow ooze or trickle, often described as seeping from the wound. The blood is generally bright red, and this type of bleeding often stops on its own with minimal intervention.
Venous bleeding occurs when a vein is damaged, leading to blood loss. Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, so the blood associated with venous bleeding is typically darker red or maroon in color. This type of bleeding presents as a steady, continuous flow, rather than a forceful gush. While generally less severe than arterial bleeding, significant blood loss can occur from larger veins, requiring prompt attention.
Arterial bleeding is the most serious and potentially life-threatening type of external bleeding, stemming from damage to an artery. Arteries transport oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, resulting in blood that is bright red in color. The flow is characterized by spurting or gushing, often pulsating in rhythm with the heartbeat, due to the high pressure within the arterial system. Rapid blood loss is a significant risk with arterial bleeding.
Responding to Bleeding
When bleeding occurs, immediate action is important to control blood loss and prevent further complications. General first aid principles apply to most external bleeding, with the primary goal being to apply pressure to the wound. Using a clean cloth or sterile gauze, firm, direct pressure should be applied to the bleeding site.
Elevating the injured area above the level of the heart, if practical and not causing additional injury, can help reduce blood flow to the wound. If the initial material becomes soaked with blood, it should not be removed; instead, additional layers should be placed on top, and pressure maintained. This continuous pressure helps to promote clotting and stem the flow of blood.
Knowing when to seek professional medical attention is important. Medical help is needed if bleeding does not stop after 10 to 15 minutes of continuous, direct pressure. Wounds that are large, deep, or gaping, or those that involve spurting or gushing blood, warrant immediate emergency care. Signs such as pale skin, a rapid pulse, or weakness, which could indicate shock, also necessitate urgent medical assessment.