Lymphoma is a cancer that begins in the lymphatic system, a network of tissues, vessels, and organs that forms a core part of the body’s immune system. The disease originates in the lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, which begin to grow and multiply uncontrollably. This proliferation leads to the physical signs and systemic symptoms associated with the condition.
The Most Common Physical Sign: Swollen Lymph Nodes
The most frequent initial indication of lymphoma is an enlarged lymph node, often detected as a lump under the skin. Swelling is most commonly noticed in easily palpable areas like the neck, underarm, or groin. The swelling occurs because abnormal lymphocytes accumulate and multiply within the lymph node structure.
A key characteristic of a lymphoma-related swollen node is that it is typically painless, differentiating it from the tenderness often experienced with nodes swollen due to an infection. The node often feels firm, somewhat rubbery, and may be movable beneath the skin. A lump that persists for several weeks without an apparent cause, or one that continues to grow, warrants medical evaluation.
Systemic Indicators: The B Symptoms
Beyond localized swelling, lymphoma can cause systemic symptoms that affect the entire body, often referred to as B symptoms. The presence of these symptoms is a significant diagnostic marker, as they can indicate more widespread disease involvement. These systemic signs include unexplained fever, drenching night sweats, and unintentional weight loss.
The fevers associated with lymphoma are often persistent, coming and going over several days or weeks without any sign of an underlying infection. Drenching night sweats are severe enough to soak clothing and bedding, differentiating them from light perspiration. Unexplained weight loss is defined as losing 10% or more of one’s body weight over six months or less, without attempts to diet or increase exercise.
These systemic signs are thought to result from the body’s reaction to chemical signals released by the cancer cells. The combination of these three symptoms is particularly concerning and can be an indicator of a more aggressive form of the disease.
Localized Symptoms Beyond the Nodes
Lymphoma can originate or spread to organs outside the main lymph node chains, leading to localized symptoms dependent on the area affected. When the disease affects tissues in the chest, the resulting pressure can lead to a persistent cough, shortness of breath, or chest pressure. This occurs because the enlarged masses may press on the windpipe or other structures.
In the abdomen, lymphoma can cause pain, bloating, or a feeling of fullness after eating only a small amount of food. This sensation is often due to an enlarged spleen or liver, or swollen lymph nodes in the abdominal cavity. Swelling in the abdomen can also be caused by a buildup of fluid, which results from the cancer blocking normal lymphatic drainage.
Lymphoma can also manifest on the skin, a condition known as cutaneous lymphoma, which may cause widespread itching (pruritus) without an obvious rash. Visible skin lesions, patches, or lumps may appear on the body. If the central nervous system is involved, symptoms like numbness, weakness, headaches, or changes in personality or vision can occur, depending on which nerves are affected.
When Symptoms Warrant a Doctor’s Visit
Many of the signs associated with lymphoma are also common symptoms of far less serious illnesses, such as the flu or various infections. A simple cold can cause lymph nodes to swell, and transient fevers or night sweats are common occurrences. The defining factor that should prompt a consultation with a healthcare provider is the duration and severity of the symptoms.
If any of the symptoms discussed—particularly an enlarged lymph node, an unexplained fever, or drenching night sweats—do not resolve within a few weeks, seek medical advice. Persistent symptoms, or those that are worsening over time, require a professional diagnosis to determine the underlying cause.